生物可降解螯合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸和乳酸乙酯提取土壤中重金属的研究

研究了生物可降解的有机螯合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸([S,S]-EDDS,简写为EDDS)和乳酸乙酯(EL)对重金属污染土壤中重金属的提取效率,并用X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了螯合剂提取对土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:EDDS对土壤中的Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn有较高的提取率,效果比EL好;EDDS和EL混合提取的重金属提取率增加,但相比单独使用EDDS没有超过10%.FT-IR分析表明,提取前后FT-IR谱图中特征吸收频率没有显著改变,但强度有所改变.XRD分析表明,提取前后土壤晶格结构发生明显的变化,螯合剂提取改变了土壤微观结构.     

土壤重金属污染生态风险评价方法综述

生态风险评价是风险论与生态学、环境科学、地学等多种学科相互交叉的边缘学科.以土壤生态系统为对象,介绍了目前已有的几类重金属污染生态风险评价方法,包括概念模型法、数学模型法、指数法、形态分析法、植物培养法等.指出根据研究目的与污染特性选择适当的评价方法,可以为土壤生态风险管理提供科学信息.     

Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature's water supply services

Healthy watersheds provide valuable services to society, including the supply and purification of fresh water. Because these natural ecosystem services lie outside the traditional domain of commercial markets, they are undervalued and underprotected. With population and development pressures leading to the rapid modification of watershed lands, valuable hydrological services are being lost, which poses risks to the quality and cost of drinking water and the reliability of water supplies. Increasing the scale and scope of programmes to protect hydrological services requires policies that harmonize land uses in watersheds with the provision of these important natural services. This article summarizes key attributes of hydrological services and their economic benefits; presents a spectrum of institutional mechanisms for safeguarding those services; discusses programmes in Quito (Ecuador), Costa Rica and New York City; and offers some lessons learned and recommendations for achieving higher levels of watershed protection.     

Constructing a spatially-resolved database for modelling soil organic carbon stocks of croplands in European Russia

This paper describes the conception and construction of a geographic information system (GIS) for use in modelling changes in soil organic carbon stocks in European Russia. A GIS of croplands for European Russia was constructed to allow the RothC and CANDY models, and a statistical model of humus balance, to estimate how soil carbon stocks change in time. The soil map of Russia, the database of soil properties, the map of administrative division, the land use map, the climatic grid, the map of natural and agricultural zoning and an economic database serve as a basis for this system. A map and database of homogeneous units, for maximum accuracy and minimum uncertainty, was created. Homogeneous characteristics are the parameters required for modelling. In the course of this work, the sources of errors in the database and the possible ways of improving calculation accuracy were determined and are described. The methods used and decisions taken in constructing this database are applicable to other studies in which GIS databases need to be constructing from disparate sources.     

History and Development of the NRCS Lag Time Equation1

Abstract: Many of the hydrologic methods that are used in engineering practice today resulted from the Spring Flood of 1936, which blanketed the Northeastern portion of the United States. Because of the flood damage that was caused by this rainfall‐snowmelt event, many federal agencies including the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) implemented the hydrologic theories that were available in the literature at this time and developed hydrologic procedures for design flow estimation. Sherman had recently published his unit hydrograph theory in 1932, and later in 1938 Snyder, who had been charged by the Water Resource Council to develop a synthetic unit hydrograph, published his famous paper. The SCS unit hydrograph theory was developed by Victor Mockus in the late 1950s. Most if not all of the theories at that time reported the rainfall‐runoff process for floods as a surface phenomenon, and as such those theories all required some type of a timing parameter to estimate watershed response time. This article documents the development of the SCS lag equation.     

Long Term Effects of Acid Irrigation at the Höglwald on Seepage Water Chemistry and Nutrient Cycling

In order to test the hypothesis of aluminium toxicity induced by acid deposition, an experimental acid irrigation was carried out in a mature Norway spruce stand in Southern Germany (Höglwald). The experiment comprised three plots: no irrigation, irrigation (170 mm a^?1), and acid irrigation with diluted sulphuric acid (pH of 2.6–2.8). During the seven years of acid irrigation (1984–1990) water containing 0.43 mol_c m^?2 a^?1 of protons and sulphate was added with a mean pH of 3.2 (throughfall?+?acid irrigation water) compared to 4.9 (throughfall) on both control plots. Most of the additional proton input was consumed in the organic layer and the upper mineral soil. Acid irrigation resulted in a long lasting elevation of sulphate concentrations in the seepage water. Together with sulphate both aluminium and appreciable amounts of base cations were leached from the main rooting zone. The ratio between base cations (Ca?+?Mg?+?K) and aluminium was 0.79 during acid irrigation and 0.92 on the control. Neither tree growth and nutrition nor the pool of exchangeable cations were affected significantly. We conclude that at this site protection mechanisms against aluminium toxicity exist and that additional base cation runoff can still be compensated without further reduction of the supply of exchangeable base cations in the upper mineral soil.     

攀枝花市攀钢工业区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

本文对攀枝花市攀钢工业区土壤中五种重金属元素（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd）的空间的分布特征、形态分布特征进行了研究，并应用污染负荷指数法对各重金属的污染程度进行了评价。研究发现，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr的最大值与最小值分别相差2．98、3．4、5．2、2．7倍，cd的最大值与最小值甚至相差15．7倍。重金属元素相关性特征可分为Cd—Pb—Zn和Cu—Cr两组。形态分布特征表现在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr主要以稳定的残渣态存在，Cd主要以可利用性最强的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态存在。污染较严重的是攀钢机关、攀钢原料场。     

A soil alteration index based on phospholipid fatty acids

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis has gained great importance in the study of soil microbial community structure. This structure can give indication of the soil status. Purpose of the present paper is to analyse PLFA patterns in altered agricultural soils in order to develop a soil status alteration index. Soils subjected either to intensive agricultural exploitation, or to overflow by municipal and industrial wastes, or to irrigation with saline waters were analysed for PLFA content and compared to adjacent untreated soils by means of different statistical techniques.

Principal component analysis separated PLFAs in three groups: unsaturated PLFAs (first axis, 48% of total variance), monounsaturated and cyclopropane PLFAs (second axis, 28% of total variance) and polyunsaturated PLFAs (third axis, 24% of total variance).

By means of canonical discriminant analysis, a soil alteration index (SAI) was produced from 15 PLFAs using two data sets. A third data set was used to test the SAI general validity together with other data sets reported in literature. The index validity was confirmed in most cases: SAI gave higher scores for control soils and was generally able to classify soils according to their reported degree of alteration.     

土壤氮素矿化模型研究进展

土壤氮素矿化研究对从农田生态系统氮素平衡到全球变化和环境问题均具有重要意义。土壤氮素矿化模型的研究方面．目前主要还是以简单功能模型模拟和预测氮素矿化量为主,以双组分一阶动力学模型和一阶-零阶混和动力学模型拟合效果较好;对机理模型的研究还处于探索阶段。从目前的研究看,土壤氮素矿化模型研究应当集中在建立机理模型以阐明主要生态系统的氮素矿化过程。     

Effect of the water–oil ratio on brine/surfactant/alcohol/oil systems optimized for soil remediation

The optimum middle-phase microemulsion used for remediation of oily contaminated soils is often obtained by mixing a certain amount of a surfactant/alcohol mixture with oil and adjusting the salinity concentrations at a constant water–oil ratio. Upon introduction to the subsurface, however, the system may not be in the optimum state throughout the remediation process owing to the change in the water–oil ratio. This research has attempted to investigate the effect of the water–oil ratio on the phase behavior of systems containing brine, anionic surfactant, alcohols, and different oils. By systematically changing the water–oil ratio, while keeping the others variables constant, the systems exhibited different phase behavior. The results revealed that the effect of the water–oil ratio on system behavior was significant, and analogous to that of salinity. Increasing the water–oil ratio led the system change from winsor I → winsor III → winsor II. The greater the water–oil ratio the lower the salinity required to produce the middle-phase microemulsion, but the narrower the salinity range of the three-phase region. An empirical correlation has been developed in order to predict the changes in phase behavior with the changes in water–oil ratio. This provides a useful tool for designing optimum formulations suitable for soil remediation. Received: October 5, 1999 / Accepted: March 27, 2000