Predicted effects of prescribed burning and harvesting on forest recovery and sustainability in southwest Georgia, USA

A model-based analysis of the effect of prescribed burning and forest thinning or clear-cutting on stand recovery and sustainability was conducted at Fort Benning, GA, in the southeastern USA. Two experiments were performed with the model. In the first experiment, forest recovery from degraded soils was predicted for 100 years with or without prescribed burning. In the second experiment simulations began with 100 years of predicted stand growth, then forest sustainability was predicted for an additional 100 years under different combinations of prescribed burning and forest harvesting. Three levels of fire intensity (low, medium, and high), that corresponded to 17%, 33%, and 50% consumption of the forest floor C stock by fire, were evaluated at 1-, 2-, and 3-year fire return intervals. Relative to the control (no fire), prescribed burning with a 2- or 3-year return interval caused only a small reduction in predicted steady state soil C stocks (< or =25%) and had no effect on steady state tree wood biomass, regardless of fire intensity. Annual high intensity burns did adversely impact forest recovery and sustainability (after harvesting) on less sandy soils, but not on more sandy soils that had greater N availability. Higher intensity and frequency of ground fires increased the chance that tree biomass would not return to pre-harvest levels. Soil N limitation was indicated as the cause of unsustainable forests when prescribed burns were too frequent or too intense to permit stand recovery.     

土壤气相抽提(SVE)技术研究进展

土壤气相抽提(SVE)是石油类土壤及地下水污染修复工程中广泛采用的原位治理技术。本文主要介绍了SVE技术的影响因素、系统设计、运行机理以及现场监测,阐述了SVE技术及其理论进展。最后展望了该技术的应用前景。     

高分辨率遥感影像在土壤环境质量监测点位布设中的应用

在土壤环境质量监测点位布设工作中,利用高分辨率遥感影像等数据和资料,可以增强点位布设结果的规范性和合理性。基于环境保护部和中国环境监测总站下发的土壤环境质量监测点位布设技术方案,分别介绍了基础点位、风险点位和背景点位的总体布设方式和布设要求,以及高分辨率遥感影像在各类点位理论布设中的具体应用方法。     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

高光谱遥感在土壤重金属污染监测中的应用

综述了高光谱遥感直接监测土壤重金属污染及利用植被重金属胁迫光谱数据间接监测重金属污染区域的各种方法,分析了反演模型存在的问题,提出了引入人工智能技术、高维矩阵和数据挖掘算法,以及寻求更好的数据同化模型等提高反演精度的后续研究方向。     

Health Risks Associated with Predicted Increase of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils and in the Diet

We have assessed the change of the dietary intake and the potential health risks of cadmium in Finland, assuming that a high level of cadmium in fertilizers (138 mg Cd/kg P) would prevail for the next 100 years. Soil measurements and modelling were used to derive the predicted level of cadmium in foods. In three important cultivars, wheat, potato and sugar beet, the cadmium concentration would increase by 20–35%. Consequently, the average dietary intake of cadmium in Finland would increase from 7.9 to 10.0 μg/day, corresponding with the urinary level of about 0.2 μg/l, a level that has not been associated with effects on the human health. However, in the risk group with 1) high dietary intake of cadmium, 2) elevated gastrointestinal absorption, and 3) tobacco smoking, the estimated urinary level of cadmium would be 2.0 μg/l. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that urinary level of 1–2 μg Cd/l is associated with an increased risk of bone demineralization and fractures, and 2–4 μg Cd/l with pre-clinical kidney damage. People characterized by more than one of the above-mentioned risks factors, may develop the adverse health effects at an old age, when cadmium has accumulated in the body.     

富蕴县耕地土壤环境质量现状

通过在富蕴县建立测土配方施肥示范点,开展了耕地土壤环境质量的调查,结果表明：在富蕴县不同地貌部位0 cm~20 cm耕层土壤中,土壤常量元素的分布与微量元素相比差异较大;在山区土壤中,常量元素与微量元素的含量较高,而在戈壁沙漠地带,土壤中常、微量元素的含量均表现为最低水平;土壤pH值为7.5~8.5,适合作物生长;土壤耕层盐分含量相对较低,仅表现为轻盐化土壤类型,占总耕地面积的12.52%。     

广东某含铊硫酸冶炼堆渣场土壤中重金属的污染特征

选取广东某硫酸厂工业堆渣周围土壤样品,重点研究了土壤剖面T1、cd、Pb、Zn四种重金属元素总量及形态分布特征.研究结果表明,该废渣在自然淋滤条件下已经对周围土壤产生了T1、Cd、Pb、Zn污染,并且T1、Pb、Cd较Zn污染严重.形态分析表明,堆渣场周围土壤中这些重金属主要是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物(氢氧化物)结合态存在.外围土壤受到的这些重金属污染及对环境的潜在危害大于废渣下伏土壤,其中在堆渣下伏土壤中主要以富集为主,而外围土壤中主要以迁移为主,且已经向土壤深处约30cm处进行了迁移.这些重金属污染物在表层土壤中未达到饱和状态,将继续在下伏土壤表层发生累积作用并且使横向土壤受污染的范围进一步扩大.     

超声波萃取/气相色谱法测定土壤中的多氯联苯

采用超声波萃取法提取土壤中的多氯联苯系列7种混合物Arochlor1016、Arochlor1221、Arocldor1232、Arochlor1242、Arochlor1248、Arochlor1254、Arochlor1260,萃取溶液经弗罗里硅土柱净化,用气相色谱GC/ECD进行测定,方法检出限0.01mg/kg,加标回收率在62.3%～106%之间,RSD 5.4%～11.1%.     

ASE-GC/MSMS多离子反应监测(MRM)测定土壤中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)

采用加速溶剂萃取-凝胶色谱净化-三重四极杆串联气相色谱质谱多离子反应监测技术建立了土壤中16种多环芳烃的分析方法.通过优化试验条件,方法线性关系良好,16种多环芳烃的最低检出浓度在0.055～0.585μg/kg之间.回收率在72.1%～101.4%之间,相对标准偏差在2.9%～9.5%之间.大量实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法定性定量准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够满足实际土壤分析工作的需要.