上海农业的发展与土壤背景值

本文探讨了上海农业的发展与土壤中重金属元素背景值的关系,以及不同植被和土地利用类型对背景值的影响。比较了近10年来土壤中部分元素含量的变化,其中Hg的降解比较快,比人们预料的要乐观     

土壤水分资源生产能力及其利用研究

采用人工控制土壤贮水量，在陕西关中气候条件下，研究作物土壤水分生产能力结果表明：土壤水分生产能力小麦最高为１７．５９ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），谷子１１．６１ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），豌豆１０．３３ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ），油菜１０．６ｋｇ／（ｈm₂·ｍｍ）；获得一定籽粒产量的最低土壤水分临界值约为：小麦１６０ｍｍ，豌豆１５０ｍｍ，谷子和油菜３００ｍｍ，土壤水分超过此临界值后，增加水分，作物产量大幅度提高，但当水分超过一定量（豌豆３００ｍｍ，小麦４００ｍｍ，谷子５００ｍｍ，油菜６５０ｍｍ时），产量则渐趋于稳定；低供水多施肥和高供水少施肥土壤水分的无谓消耗增加，不利于提高土壤水分的生产能力，必须量水施肥，才能提高土壤水分生产能力。     

植物根系对镉毒害的防御及其代谢

本文采用植物根系生物量、根系内活性氧清除酶活性变化和植物表观中毒症状作指标 ,研究了 Cd毒害对草坪植物的毒性作用、根系应激反应。结果表明 ,当土壤溶液中 Cd浓度达 1.5× 10 - 3mol· dm- 3时 ,植物体内活性氧代谢、生长状况将出现异常 ,甚至出现明显的表观中毒症状。 Cd对植物体内清除酶活性的毒性强度为 CAT>SOD>POD。匍匐翦股颖 (Agrostis stolonifera)根系对 Cd毒害的抵抗作用强于多年生黑麦草 (L olium perernne)。     

吸附剂吸附除镉的研究进展

镉离子主要来源于电镀、电池、合金制造、颜料、采矿与选矿行业排放的工业废水。研究废水中去除镉离子的吸附方法具有重大意义。文章从吸附技术角度出发,对去除镉的离子交换、壳聚糖吸附、利用藻类物质的吸附、利用甘蔗渣吸附、利用电解铝的红泥吸附的技术进行了综述。     

重庆市近郊蔬菜基地土壤和蔬菜中重金属的质量现状

通过对重庆市近郊蔬菜基地土壤和蔬菜中重金属的监测和评价得出：重庆市近郊蔬菜基地部分土壤受到 Ｃｄ和Ｈｇ的污染；部分蔬菜受到Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ的污染。     

草甸棕壤中镉、铅、油含量对微生物类群和生化活性的影响

本研究以重金属化合物(CdCl_2、PbCl_2)和矿物油作为土壤的污染物,分析土壤中镉、铅、油的含量对土壤微生物类群与生化活性的影响。结果表明,镉、铅、油对水旱田中的细菌抑制作用比较明显,对放线菌、真菌抑制作用较差。小剂量的镉、铅、油对固氮菌有刺激作用,大剂量则有抑制作用。对尿酶和硝化细菌的代谢有明显抑制作用,对其它酶类不明显。 从含重金属的平板培养基上反映出土壤对重金属的掩蔽作用。污染物对微生物的生化活性的临界毒害浓度分别为:镉 5—60ppm;铅 300—500ppm;油 500—5000ppm。     

丹东市区段鸭绿江水体中铅、镉的含量

利用生物指示物（鳙鱼）对丹东地区鸭绿江水体中的铅、镉污染进行监测，采具鳙鱼-碳化酸溶-电热原子光谱法对丹东鸭绿江流域鳙鱼体内的铅、镉的含量进行了相关检测，在相同的实验条件下对该地区的水体中的铅、镉的含量进行对比，并对该地区的铅、镉污染进行了相关的评价，通过一年的监测未见超标。铅、镉含量分别为6．53±0．07（ng/g）、4．60±0．03（ng/g）；回收率分别为98.9％、103.5％；RSD分别为5．3％、4．1％。     

显像管玻壳铅尘污染特性的研究

以石家庄市显像管玻壳厂排放的铅尘为研究对象，通过在该玻壳厂周围土壤布点采样，较系统地研究了铅尘在大气和周围土壤中的迁移和转化规律，研究表明，用高斯模式能成功地预测铅尘在大气中的迁移扩散规律，玻壳厂周围土壤表层铅含量较大值出现在当地年主导风向（SSE，N）下风向，铅在土壤中的分布主要集中在0－20cm的耕作层，在20－40cm深度范围内，铅含量呈下降趋势，最大降幅达50％。     

Alteration in Rhizosphere Soil Properties of Afforested <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhamnus lycioides</Emphasis> Seedlings in Short-Term Response to Mycorrhizal Inoculation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glomus intraradices</Emphasis> and Organic Amendment

The reestablisment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions. A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and β-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality.     

Effect of soil solids concentration in batch tests on the partition coefficients of organic pollutants in landfill liner-soil materials

 The effect of the soil solids concentration in batch tests on the measured values of the partition coefficient (K _p) of organic pollutants in landfill liner-soil material was investigated. Since this study was based on the results of batch and column tests conducted independently, there were limitations to the conclusions derived. The organic compounds tested were benzene, methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene, and p-xylene. The results of this study showed that as soil solids concentrations increased, the measured K _p values of these organic compounds strongly decreased. The observed values of K _p stabilized when the soil solids concentration was above a certain value. Typical K _p values obtained from batch tests conducted under high soil solids concentrations were close to those obtained from column tests. It was concluded that the K _p values of organic compounds measured under low soil solids concentrations, i.e., less than 100 g/l, may not correctly simulate the field situation. Consequently, the values of K _p obtained with low soil solids concentrations can result in an overestimation of the retardation factor of the landfill liner material. Received: March 14, 2002 / Accepted: August 25, 2002