聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的梯度扩散薄膜技术预测甘蔗田土壤中镉的生物有效性

DGT技术一直以固态结合相原位采集和测量水体、土壤或沉积物中有效态重金属,液态结合相的DGT主要应用于现场水体中金属离子的检测.本研究分别采用固态结合相梯度扩散薄膜(chelex100-DGT)装置和改进的液态结合相梯度薄膜扩散(CDM-PAAS-DGT)装置,对广西甘蔗田土壤中有效态Cd进行了测定.结果表明,2种装置提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与甘蔗(根、茎、叶)体内Cd含量都呈极显著正相关,改进的CDM-PAAS-DGT装置对土壤中有效态Cd的提取能力更强;融合土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM%)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标影响,运用多元统计分析,提取出2种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.液态结合相DGT技术能较好地预测甘蔗田土壤中Cd的生物有效性,拓展了其应用范围.     

钢渣固定床对水中Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

采用钢渣吸附剂分别对Pr(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)进行固定床吸附实验,考察了不同运行参数如进水流速、进水初始浓度和吸附柱高度对动态吸附过程的影响,并应用Thomas模型对在不同条件下得到的穿透曲线进行拟合。实验结果表明进水流速、进水初始浓度和吸附柱高度对动态吸附过程存在影响,穿透时间随床层高度的增加而增加,但是随进水流速和进水初始浓度的增加而减少。Thomas方程穿透曲线拟合效果较好,相关系数R2值均在0.9以上,运用该方程可准确预测吸附柱的操作参数。     

HEAVY METALS AND SELENIUM IN GREBE EGGS FROM AGASSIZ NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA

Metal levels in eggs can often be used as an indicator of exposure and of potential effects. In previous work at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern Minnesota, the levels of several heavy metals were shown to be significantly higher in the eggs of eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) compared to those in the eggs of Franklin’s gulls (Larus pipixcan), black-crowned nightherons (Nycticorax nycticorax) and double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, except for mercury). In the present study we test the hypothesis that there are no differences in the levels of heavy metals in eggs of three species of grebes nesting at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (1997, 1999). There were significant differences in levels of selenium, manganese and mercury in the eggs of the grebes collected in 1997, with pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) having significantly higher levels of manganese and mercury, and significantly lower levels of selenium, than eared or red-necked grebes (Podiceps grisegena). In 1999, pied-billed grebes had significantly higher levels of mercury, but lower levels of selenium and tin than the other species. The only pattern that was significant and consistent among yearswas selenium; in both years pied-billed grebes had lower levels than the other species. For eared grebes, there was a decline from 1997 to 1998, and again to 1999 for arsenic, cadmium, and selenium. Levels of mercury in the eggs of grebes were not as high, however, as those found in cormorants or night-herons sampled in 1994 at Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge. There were few consistent patterns in the relationships among metals in eared grebe eggs (with the largest sample sizes). The possible reasons for the high levels of some metals in eggs of grebes are unknown, but presumably egg levels represent exposure on the wintering grounds or migratory routes. In comparison to eggs of other birds: 1) the mean levels for manganese were at the high end of the range, and the mean was an order of magnitude higher than the median for the studies examined, 2) mean levels were above the median in the eggs of other birds for lead (red-necked grebe), mercury (pied-billed grebe) and selenium (eared and red-necked grebe).     

广东省部分基地蔬菜重金属污染评价

通过对来源于广东省516个蔬菜种植基地18种蔬菜品种1 465个样品中铅、镉含量的检测分析,结果表明：蕹菜品种铅平均含量最高（0.11mg·kg^-1）,西洋菜镉平均含量最高（0.060mg·kg^-1）;总样品铅检测合格率97.0%,镉检测合格率98.9%;所检蔬菜品种的铅、镉平均污染指数均小于0.7。表明广东省各生产基地的蔬菜重金属安全状况总体较好,处于优良水平。     

重金属污染土壤的治理方法

从工程措施、生物措施、改良措施和农业措施四个方面较全面地介绍了国内外重金属污染土壤的治理方法，并就其原理、实例、优缺点和合理应用等问题做了简要阐述。     

不同基因型水稻吸镉差异及其与根表铁氧化物胶膜的关系

采用琼脂培养方法，模拟铁在不同基因型水稻根表的氧化与淀积，研究了不央水稻吸镉的差异及其有表铁氧化物胶膜的关系，结果表明不同水稻基因型其根表淀积换的氧化物数量存在显著性差异，根表富集的镉量及根部，地上部合镉量均存在显著性差差，且镉在不同水稻植株体内转移运输能力不同；不同水稻基因型根膜中的含铁量与根表铁氧化物富集的镉量、根部的含镉量、地上部的含量存在显著性年线相关。     

石油污染土壤的生物整治研究

对被石油污染的包气带土层中微生物生态分布特性进行了调查，并从该土层中分离出１５９株烃降解细菌和真菌，其中１７株可以不同程度地分别利用烷烃（ｎＣ９～ｎＣ１８）和芳烃（酚、萘、甲苯和二甲苯）作为唯一碳源生长，在最适氮源和磷源的条件下，假音胞菌在５２在７ｄ内可利用石蜡作为碳源，生物量连续增加；３ｄ可将初始浓度为５００ｍｇ／Ｌ的机油降解９９％，投加选育出的混合菌株，进行土壤石油污染的生物整治模拟试验，结果     

4种钝化剂对污染水稻土中Cu和Cd的固持机制

为揭示钝化剂阻控后Cu和Cd二次活化的风险程度,本文采用石灰石(LS)、麦饭石(MF)、生物炭(BC)和铁改性生物炭(Fe-BC)这4种钝化剂,研究其施用后土壤及土壤胶体中Cu和Cd形态变化和内源铁氧化物类型、形貌变化归趋.结果 表明,钝化剂对土壤Cu和Cd的固持效果表现为LS＞ MF＞ Fe-BC＞ BC.LS和MF...     

新疆土壤可蚀性K值空间插值及其分布特征研究

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC（Erosion Productivity Impact Caculator）模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用新疆土壤污染状况调查资料,探讨新疆土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并采用Kriging插值法进行全疆K值的空间插值。结果表明：新疆各类型土壤表层平均K值为0.238～0.441,主要分布在可侵蚀-易侵蚀-较易侵蚀范围;其中K值最大的土类为石质土和风沙土,均属于岩成土土纲;K值最小的土类为棕钙土;不同的土地利用方式,土壤可蚀性特征也不同,耕地土壤K值最大。从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

Capturing LiDAR‐Derived Hydrologic Spatial Parameters to Evaluate Playa Wetlands

The digital elevation model data from traditional stereo photogrammetric methods are inadequate in providing accurate vertical parameters to feed hydrologic models for low‐lying, extremely flat areas. High‐resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provide the robust capability of capturing small variations in low‐relief playa wetlands. The Rainwater Basin in south‐central Nebraska includes a complex of seasonally shallow playa wetlands that attract millions of migratory waterfowl every spring and fall. This research focuses on the development of a procedure with applicable protocols to produce LiDAR‐derived three‐dimensional wetland maps and to extract the critical surface parameters (i.e., watershed boundaries, flow direction, flow accumulation, and drainage lines) for playa wetlands. The topo‐hydrologic conditions of playa wetlands were evaluated at the watershed level. The results show that in the Rainwater Basin, 70.7% of the historic hydric soil footprints identified in the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database were not functioning as topographically depressional wetlands. This finding was confirmed by a recent five‐year Annual Habit Survey showing that 69.8% of the historic hydric soil footprints did not function during the spring migratory bird seasons between 2004 and 2009. The majority of playa wetlands' topographic conditions have been substantially changed and the SSURGO data cannot fully reflect current topographic reality in the Rainwater Basin.