水稻土中外源Cd老化的动力学特征与老化因子

选择5种不同性质的水稻土,通过外源添加制备了6个不同浓度梯度的Cd污染土壤,研究了外源Cd在几种水稻土中的老化动力学特征与影响因子;同时利用盆栽实验,结合Log-logistic分布模型,研究了5个不同老化时间(14、30、60、90和180d)与土壤中Cd对二种不同Cd敏感性水稻生长毒性的影响.结果表明,不同浓度外源Cd进入土壤后,0.05mol/L EDTA-2Na浸提的有效态Cd含量随着老化时间的增加而逐渐下降;与14d处理相比,老化30d后土壤中有效态Cd降幅达21.5%(红壤)~38.0%(黑土);老化90d后,土壤中Cd进入慢反应阶段. 基于二级动力学方程的拟合参数显示,土壤中Cd的老化特征表现为有效态Cd含量在30~60d内快速降低,随后变化减缓,经过90d的老化后,土壤中有效态Cd含量逐渐趋于平衡.基于老化动力学方程参数(C∞及K2)与土壤性质间的相关性分析表明,土壤pH值是影响Cd有效态含量变化的主控因子,其次是土壤CEC和OC含量.在不同性质土壤中,随着老化时间的增加,土壤中外源Cd对水稻生长毒性的半抑制浓度(EC50)值显著升高;与14d老化处理相比,经过180d老化后土壤中Cd对水稻生长毒性的EC50增加72.1%~195.0%;在大于90d的长期老化过程中,土壤pH值对Cd老化过程的影响逐渐降低,而CEC的影响逐渐上升,尽管如此,土壤中Cd老化过程的主要影响因子仍然是土壤pH,而与测试的2种水稻品种无关.     

Accelerated anaerobic dechlorination of DDT in slurry with Hydragric Acrisols using citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS)

The application of electron donor and electron shuttle substances has a vital influence on electron transfer,thus may affect the reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichoro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane(DDT) in anaerobic reaction systems.To evaluate the roles of citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AQDS) in accelerating the reductive dechlorination of DDT in Hydragric Acrisols that contain abundant iron oxide,a batch anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted in a slurry system with four treatments of(1) control,(2) citric acid,(3) AQDS,and(4) citric acid + AQDS.Results showed that DDT residues decreased by 78.93%–92.11% of the initial quantities after 20 days of incubation,and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane(DDD) was the dominant metabolite.The application of citric acid accelerated DDT dechlorination slightly in the first 8 days,while the methanogenesis rate increased quickly,and then the acceleration effect improved after the 8th day while the methanogenesis rate decreased.The amendment by AQDS decreased the Eh value of the reaction system and accelerated microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides to generate Fe(II),which was an efficient electron donor,thus enhancing the reductive dechlorination rate of DDT.The addition of citric acid + AQDS was most efficient in stimulating DDT dechlorination,but no significant interaction between citric acid and AQDS on DDT dechlorination was observed.The results will be of great significance for developing an efficient in situ remediation strategy for DDT-contaminated sites.     

黄石沿江土壤镉的形态特征及生物可利用性

为了解黄石市沿长江冲积土壤中重金属镉直接和潜在的危害程度,为重金属污染防治提供科学依据,采用总量测定、Tessier连续提取法,分析研究了湖北黄石市沿江冲积土壤中重金属镉的总量及不同形态含量,镉含量采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定。结果表明,研究区土壤Cd全量都大于2mg/kg,不同形态Cd含量相对大小依次为残渣态铁锰氧化物结合态碳酸盐结合态有机物结合态离子交换态。其中残渣态占全量比例为58%,铁锰氧化物结合态为26%,碳酸盐结合态、有机物结合态、离子交换态分别为8%、4%和3%。可见研究区Cd的生物可利用态含量低,生物潜在可利用态较高,生物不可利用态含量最高;现有环境条件下的土壤Cd比较稳定,生物可利用性较低,对农作物的危害性较小。     

石墨炉AAS法分析冬青科苦丁茶树系统中镉及其分布

采集海南大学苦丁茶种质资源库中6种冬青科(Ilex)苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应土壤样品,通过试验研究,建立了高压密封消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中镉的方法。对植物样和土壤样分别采用硝酸-双氧水和硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混酸体系进行消解。以磷酸二氢铵作为基体改进剂,并开启氘灯校正背景,在优化的工作条件下测定样品中镉。该方法的检出限为0.300ng/mL,用于实验样品中镉的测定,其相对标准偏差RSD5%,加标回收率介于94%～108%之间。用该方法对茶叶(GBW10016)和土壤(GBW-07407)标准参考物中镉进行了测定,测定结果与标准值相符合,相对误差小于7%。冬青科苦丁茶树及其土壤中镉的分布具有特征性,主要表现为:土壤茶树,根际土壤非根际土壤,吸收根主根或茎,嫩叶老叶枯叶。     

土壤中镉的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评估

为了研究土壤中镉生物可给性与土壤属性之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤镉的风险,采集我国一些地区的16个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中镉的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,有11个土壤样品中镉的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准;土壤中镉的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,模拟胃和小肠液中镉的溶解态含量分别为0.05~20.71 mg.kg-1和0.03~11.99 mg.kg-1,平均值分别为1.81 mg.kg-1和1.06 mg.kg-1;模拟胃和小肠液中镉的生物可给性分别为6.37%~69.43%和3.19%~36.91%,平均值分别为25.34%和14.84%.模拟胃液中镉的溶解态含量与土壤pH有显著的相关性.如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中镉对儿童的PTW I贡献率除广西南宁的土壤为26.90%外,其它有11个土壤样品低于1.00%.如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中镉对儿童的PTW I贡献率最高为广西南宁的土壤达15.57%,另有4个土壤样品高于1.00%,其它都低于1.00%.可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中镉的对人体并没有很高的风险.但当土壤中镉含量较高,同时其具有很高的生物可给性,就会对人体健康产生很大的风险.     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏中ROS生成及其蛋白质氧化损伤作用

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050和0.100mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,采用2,4二硝基苯肼比色法测定肝组织蛋白质羰基含量,KCl-SDS沉淀法测定DNA-蛋白质交联含量,并测定了肝组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)的水平,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤作用及其作用机制.结果表明,随染镉浓度的增加,黑斑蛙肝线粒体中的ROS水平明显升高,各染毒组与对照组相比有显著性差异;肝蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)也随镉暴露浓度的增加而升高,且均呈明显的浓度-效应关系,但这种升高仅在镉浓度为0.05、0.10mg.L-1时才具有显著意义.结果还显示,低浓度镉的长期暴露可引起黑斑蛙肝蛋白质氧化损伤和DNA损伤,诱导产生大量自由基可能是导致蛋白质和DNA产生损伤的主要机制之一.     

DGT和传统化学法比较研究复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性

以小麦和玉米2种陆生植物为金属吸收材料,利用盆栽试验比较研究了新型DGT(diffusive gradients in thin films,薄膜扩散梯度技术)法与5种传统化学法评价土壤中Zn复合存在下Cd的生物有效性. 结果显示:①土壤中w(Cd)为4 mg/kg时明显抑制了2种植物的生长,与对照组相比,小麦的地上部和根系生物量分别降低了26.2%和23.4%,玉米的分别降低了23.5%和30.9%. ②Zn的添加能够减轻Cd对植物的毒害,并促进植物生长;Cd污染土壤中Zn的复合存在会抑制2种植物对Cd的吸收,并随w(Zn)的增加其抑制作用更加明显;DGT法、土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)和4种化学提取法(HAc、EDTA、CaCl₂和NaAc)测定的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均随w(Zn)的增加而明显降低. ③Pearson相关分析显示,2种植物体内w(Cd)与6种方法表征的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均呈显著正相关(R>0.900,P<0.01),但植物体内w(Cd)与DGT和土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)的R(>0.940)大于其他4种化学提取法. 可见,对于评价Cd-Zn复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性而言,DGT与土壤溶液法均优于传统的化学提取法.      

Plant coexistence can enhance phytoextraction of cadmium by tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum L.） in contaminated soil

A mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate whether plant coexistence affects cadmium (Cd) uptake by plant in contaminated soil.Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.var.K326) and Japanese clover (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.) were used.Cadmium was applied as 3CdSO 4 ·8H 2 O in solution at three levels (0,1,and 3 mg/kg soil) to simulate an unpolluted soil and soils that were slightly and moderately polluted with Cd.Tobacco (crop),Japanese clover (non-crop),and their combination were grown under each C...     

Speciation and bioaccessibility of lead and cadmium in soil treated with metal-enriched Indian mustard leaves

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) has shown good potential for the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals. However, there is little information about the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil during the decomposition of metal-rich Indian mustard leaves. Incubation experiments (1-, 3-, and 6-month) were carried out in Beijing and Hunan soil with metal-rich Indian mustard leaves addition (1% and 3%) and the e ects of mustard leaves addition on the speciation and bioaccessibility of heavy metals were studied. The results showed that the addition of mustard leaves led to significant increases in pH and DOC in the Hunan soil. Both 1% and 3% of mustard leaf amendment caused the percentage of the exchangeable (F1), precipitated with carbonates (F2), bound to Fe/Mn oxides (F3) and bound to organic matter (F4) fractions of Pb and Cd to increase dramatically, while the percentage of the residual fraction (F5) of Cd and Pb significantly dropped in both Beijing and Hunan soils. Mustard leaf addition caused the bioaccessibility of Pb to decrease in the gastric phase, whereas the values increased in the small intestinal phase. The Cd bioaccessibility increased with mustard leaf addition in both the gastric and small intestinal phases. In conclusion, the metal-enriched mustard leaves addition induces Pb and Cd concentrations and their mobility increasing in the Beijing and Hunan soils. Therefore, heavy metal risk in metal-enriched plant leaves should be considered in phytoremediation system in which heavy metal might be brought back to soil and changed over time.     

土壤铜镉的植物可利用性评估模型

文章选择12种土类共57个不同土体为研究对象,分析了土壤的基本理化性质(pH、有机质、速效磷、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量)和土壤中铜、镉全量.利用SPSS13.0统计软件预测了土壤铜、镉的植物可利用性与土壤理化性质的相关模型,发现土壤中镉的植物可利用态含量与土壤中全镉、有机质、速效磷和阳离子代换量呈正相关,与土壤pH呈负相...