“镉米”生物能源化过程中Cd的迁移途径

镉属于环境中持久性污染物,毒性大,对环境及人类造成严重危害,\"镉米\"事件已引起了对环境镉污染尤其是土壤镉污染的高度关注。利用镉米生产酒精不但能为企业能源生产提供新的原料来源,而且可解决有害大米的出路问题。通过摇瓶和UASB厌氧反应器实验,重点研究了Cd2+在厌氧处理过程中的迁移途径。结果表明,90%以上的Cd2+主要以微溶的形式富集于厌氧污泥里。厌氧泥离心分离:泥中镉浓度为0.35~0.40 mg/kg,水中镉浓度低于0.025 mg/kg。厌氧出水镉浓度在0.010~0.015 mg/kg,可以实现达标排放。出水VFA基本维持在300~500 mg/L,COD的去除率达65%~80%。实验结果可为镉米能源化利用提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

Dose and frequency dependent effects of olive mill wastewater treatment on the chemical and microbial properties of soil

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a problematic by-product of olive oil production. While its high organic load and polyphenol concentrations are associated with troublesome environmental effects, its rich mineral and organic matter contents represent valuable nutrients. This study aimed to investigate the valorization of this waste biomass as a potential soil conditioner and fertilizer in agriculture. OMW was assayed at three doses 50, 100, and 200 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) over three successive years in olive fields. The effects of the effluent on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of soil-layers were assessed. The findings revealed that the pH of the soil decreased but electrical conductivity and organic matter, total nitrogen, sodium, and potassium soil contents increased in proportion with OMW concentration and frequency of application. While no variations were observed in phosphorus content, slow increases were recorded in calcium and magnesium soil contents. Compared to their control soil counterparts, aerobic bacteria and fungi increased in proportion with OMW spreading rates. The models expressing the correlation between progress parameters and OMW doses were fitted into a second degree polynomial model. Principal component analysis showed a strong correlation between soil mineral elements and microorganisms. These parameters were not related to phosphorus and pH.     

污泥基生物炭吸附重金属Cd的动力学和热力学

炭化是污泥资资源化利用的重要途径。研究了污泥基生物炭对Cd的吸附过程,探讨了污泥基生物炭吸附重金属Cd的动力学和热力学特征。结果显示污泥基生物炭对Cd的吸附符合准二级动力学方程。Freundlich方程能较好的模拟吸附等温线。随着温度增加,吸附呈现逐渐增强趋势。吸附热力学结果显示35℃时吸附并非自发进行,随着温度增加,吸附转为吸热并自发进行。污泥基生物炭对Cd的吸附主要以化学吸附为主,同时存在多种机制共同作用。研究结果表明污泥基生物炭有作为重金属Cd污染废水修复剂的潜力。     

Axi-symmetric simulation of soil vapor extraction influenced by soil fracturing

Fracturing, either pneumatic or hydraulic, is a method to improve the performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) in relatively low permeability soils (< 10(-5) cm/s). A two-dimensional model is presented to simulate trichloroethylene (TCE) soil vapor extraction modified by fracturing. Flow and transport is modeled using mobile macropore and micropore networks, which also have been identified in the literature as dual porosity, dual permeability, or heterogeneous flow models. In this model, fluids can flow in both the macropore and micropore networks. This represents a more general model compared to immobile micropore, mobile macropore models presented thus far in the literature for vapor flow and transport in two dimensions. The model considers pressure- and concentration-driven exchange between the macropore and micropore networks, concentration-driven exchange between the gas and sorbed phases within each network, and equilibrium exchange between the gas and water and a sorbed phase within each network. The parameters employed in an example simulation are based on field measurements made at a fractured site. Considered in the simulations were the influence of the volume percentage of fractures, the length of fractures, the relative location of the water table, and the influence of pulsed pumping. For these simulations, internetwork concentration-driven exchange most significantly affected mass removal. The volume percentage of fractures more significantly influence flow and mass removal than the length of fractures. The depth of the water table below the contamination plume only significantly influenced flow and mass removal when the water table was within 60 cm of the bottom of the contaminated soil in the vadose zone for the parameters considered in this study. Pulsed pumping was not found to increase the amount of mass removed in this study.     

Lumbricus terrestris L. activity increases the availability of metals and their accumulation in maize and barley

The effect of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. on metal availability in two mining soils was assessed by means of chemical extraction methods and a pot experiment using crop plants. Results from single and sequential extractions showed that L. terrestris had a slight effect on metal fractionation in the studied soils: only metals bound to the soil organic matter were significantly increased in some cases. However, we found that L. terrestris significantly increased root, shoot and total Pb and Zn concentrations in maize and barley for the soil with the highest concentrations of total and available metals. Specifically, shoot Pb concentration was increased by a factor of 7.5 and 3.9 for maize and barley, respectively, while shoot Zn concentration was increased by a factor of 3.7 and 1.7 for maize and barley, respectively. Our results demonstrated that earthworm activity increases the bioavailability of metals in soils.     

Fate and transport of fragrance materials in principal environmental sinks

Fragrance materials are widely present in the environment, such as air, water, and soil. Concerns have been raised due to the increasing utilization and suspected impact on human health. The bioaccumulating property is considered as one of the causes of the toxicity to human beings. The removal of fragrance materials from environmental sinks has not been paid enough attention due to the lack of regulation and research on their toxicity. This paper provides systematic information on how fragrance materials are transferred to the environment, how do they affect human lives, and what is their fate in water, wastewater, wastewater sludge, and soil.     

镉锌超积累植物伴矿景天产后鲜样快速处置技术

超积累植物伴矿景天（Sedum plumbizincicola）在镉污染农田土壤修复方面有着广泛的应用前景,而收获物的快速减量处置是亟需解决的技术问题之一。将产后伴矿景天鲜样破碎、压榨,得到的残渣可快速晒干,浆液则利用物理、化学方法处理,使出水镉（Cd）浓度降低到相关标准限值以下,实现安全排放。主要考察了不同榨汁率下残渣干燥时间,以及不同絮凝剂、pH值、重金属捕获剂等因素对浆液中Cd去除率的影响,以获得最优的处理方案。结果表明,伴矿景天鲜样经破碎、压榨处理后,晒干时间从半个月以上降低至2~6 d,投加质量比分别为0.3%的聚合氯化铝（PAC）、0.1%的NaOH、0.05%的三巯三嗪钠盐（TMT,重金属捕捉剂）处理后,浆液Cd浓度由1.98 mg·L-1降至0.066 mg·L-1,低于《国家污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）0.1 mg·L-1的限值。     

重庆市郊稻米Cd风险的原位钝化削减

为筛选适合应用于重庆市郊区稻田土壤及农作物Cd污染的修复技术,采用田间小区原位钝化实验和重金属来源加密监测相结合的方法,比较了石灰、腐殖酸、硅酸钾3种常见修复剂对Cd污染稻田的土壤基本理化性质、水稻各部位Cd富集量、稻米产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,该区域土壤Cd污染的主要原因为该区域土壤Cd本底值含量高且土壤酸化严重。在土壤全Cd为0.66 mg·kg-1,有效Cd为0.39 mg·kg-1的污染程度下,施用3种修复剂均可显著降低土壤有效Cd和稻米中Cd含量。其中,施用腐殖酸可显著提高土壤有机质含量,收获期种植2种水稻的土壤中有效Cd含量比CK处理分别减少了32.1%和34.8%,稻米中Cd含量比CK处理分别较少了53.3%和48.2%,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准 0.2 mg·kg -1,其作用机理主要通过提高土壤有机质含量,降低水稻根系对土壤中Cd的富集量及向茎叶部Cd的运输量。同时,相比于其他修复剂,施加腐殖酸可降低稻米直链淀粉含量,提升稻米品质,但会降低稻米产量。施用石灰可显著提高土壤pH和稻米产量,但水稻收割后稻米中Cd含量高于腐殖酸处理,低于硅酸钾处理。     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Identification of Pollution Source of Cadmium in Soil. Application of Material Flow Analysis and A Case Study in Taiwan (11 pp)

Background Since the 1970s, at least 200 hectares (ha) of farmland has been polluted by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd).Consequently, the Cd pollution has led to contaminate the rice production and caused acute social panic. According to the recent investigation results performed by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), it is indicated that most of the Cd pollution incidents in Taiwan resulted from the wastewater discharge of stearate Cd factories. To prevent the Cd pollution incidents from spreading, the TEPA has either forced these factories to close down or assisted them in improving their production processes since the 1980s. Unfortunately, accidental incidents of Cd pollution still emerge in an endless stream, despite the strict governmental controls placed on these questionable factories. Whether this pollution has resulted from undetected or hidden pollution sources stemming from two decades ago or comes from some new source, will be an outstanding issue. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the pollution sources of Cd in soil in Taiwan as well as to find the solution to the above-mentioned, outstanding issue by way of a methodology termed Material Flow Analysis (MFA). Method logy. The MFA has proved to be a useful tool on providing quantitative information of the flow of substances through an economic to an environmental system. Based upon the supply-and-demand theory of MFA, researchers have successfully conducted an overview of the use of materials in many industries, the construction industry being one of these. Therefore, this study tries to establish a set of analytical processes by way of MFA for identifying the pollution source of Cd in soil in Taiwan. In addition, the spirit of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) technique was also employed to identify the materials, and products should be ignored as a crucial pollution source in this study. Results and Discussion According to the MFA methodology applied in this study and on the basis of related studies performed by Taiwanese governmental authorities, we arrive at the following analysis results: (1) the total amount of Cd from the economic perspective of material and product flow was approximately 441.2 tons; (2) the wastewater directly discharged into irrigation water can be concluded to be the major pollution route of Cd in farmland soil in Taiwan; (3) material plastic stabilizer (cadmium oxide, CdO), Zn-Pd compounds and Cu compounds should be the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis; (4) the crucial pollution sources to contaminate environment through the route of wastewater in Cd flow analysis were five factories, Coin, Jili, Taiwan Dye, Guangzheng and Mingguan, and they were all categorized as stearate Cd industries; (5) the typical source of the Cd pollution in soil in Changhua County through the pollution route of wastewater should be the metal surfacing process industries. Conclusions This study proved that MFA can be a good tool for identifying Cd flow as well as for recognizing the crux of the problem concerning incidents of Cd pollution. This study led to the conclusion that the causal relationship between farmland pollution caused by Cd and stearate Cd factories in Taiwan seemed quite close by way of MFA methodology. In addition, this study also found that the wastewater discharged from a single metal surfacing process factory will not cause remarkable farmland pollution. However, the wastewater simultaneously discharged from a group of pollution factories can result in a significant pollution incident. Recommendations and Outlook This case study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the toxic material flow related to Cd in the environment. This study recommends that Taiwanese governmental authorities should not deal with problems on an ad hoc basis, but should instead deal with Cd pollution problems overall employing control measures. Finally, the more accurate information or data we can collect, the more reliable results we can identify. Therefore, the quality and quantity of related data used in this MFA model should be closely scrutinized in order to ensure the most correct and comprehensive investigation on the toxic material flow.