钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对水中Cd~(2+)的吸附去除

研究了钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对废水中Cd2+的吸附性能,并探讨了影响吸附的因素和吸附机理.结果表明,钢渣蒙脱石质量比为1∶1的复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附效果优于钢渣及蒙脱石对Cd2+的单一吸附.当温度为25℃,废水pH=6~7时,1.2 g钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对100 mL Cd2+溶液(100 mg·L-1)吸附60 min后,Cd2+的去除率可达到96.99%.钢渣-蒙脱石复合吸附剂对镉离子的吸附反应符合二级动力学方程,可决系数为0.9991;符合Langmuir方程,可决系数为0.9725.对Cd2+的理论饱和吸附量为12.45 mg·g-1.溶液中Pb2+、Cu2+的存在会降低复合吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附量,且Cd2+受Cu2+的影响较大.吸附饱和的钢渣-蒙脱石颗粒材料用1 mol·L-1的氯化钠溶液再生效果好.     

新疆土壤可蚀性K值空间插值及其分布特征研究

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC（Erosion Productivity Impact Caculator）模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用新疆土壤污染状况调查资料,探讨新疆土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并采用Kriging插值法进行全疆K值的空间插值。结果表明：新疆各类型土壤表层平均K值为0.238～0.441,主要分布在可侵蚀-易侵蚀-较易侵蚀范围;其中K值最大的土类为石质土和风沙土,均属于岩成土土纲;K值最小的土类为棕钙土;不同的土地利用方式,土壤可蚀性特征也不同,耕地土壤K值最大。从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

广东省部分基地蔬菜重金属污染评价

通过对来源于广东省516个蔬菜种植基地18种蔬菜品种1 465个样品中铅、镉含量的检测分析,结果表明：蕹菜品种铅平均含量最高（0.11mg·kg^-1）,西洋菜镉平均含量最高（0.060mg·kg^-1）;总样品铅检测合格率97.0%,镉检测合格率98.9%;所检蔬菜品种的铅、镉平均污染指数均小于0.7。表明广东省各生产基地的蔬菜重金属安全状况总体较好,处于优良水平。     

Capturing LiDAR‐Derived Hydrologic Spatial Parameters to Evaluate Playa Wetlands

The digital elevation model data from traditional stereo photogrammetric methods are inadequate in providing accurate vertical parameters to feed hydrologic models for low‐lying, extremely flat areas. High‐resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data provide the robust capability of capturing small variations in low‐relief playa wetlands. The Rainwater Basin in south‐central Nebraska includes a complex of seasonally shallow playa wetlands that attract millions of migratory waterfowl every spring and fall. This research focuses on the development of a procedure with applicable protocols to produce LiDAR‐derived three‐dimensional wetland maps and to extract the critical surface parameters (i.e., watershed boundaries, flow direction, flow accumulation, and drainage lines) for playa wetlands. The topo‐hydrologic conditions of playa wetlands were evaluated at the watershed level. The results show that in the Rainwater Basin, 70.7% of the historic hydric soil footprints identified in the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database were not functioning as topographically depressional wetlands. This finding was confirmed by a recent five‐year Annual Habit Survey showing that 69.8% of the historic hydric soil footprints did not function during the spring migratory bird seasons between 2004 and 2009. The majority of playa wetlands' topographic conditions have been substantially changed and the SSURGO data cannot fully reflect current topographic reality in the Rainwater Basin.     

不同来源溶解有机质与镉和锑的相互作用

运用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析的荧光淬灭技术,研究了植物、土壤、沉积物和水体4种来源DOM及其不同组分与Cd和Sb的相互作用.结果表明,随着Cd浓度的升高,4种来源DOM的光谱斜率(S275~295)和光谱斜率比(SR)都出现了明显下降,而DOM与Sb反应后其SR和S275~295值变化不明显,说明2种金属与DOM的结合机制有所不同,Cd与DOM的结合促使小分子DOM向大分子转化,而DOM与Sb结合后没有出现分子量的明显增大.对于相同金属处理,不同来源DOM及DOM不同组分荧光强度的变化不同,说明不同来源DOM与Cd和Sb结合的活性组分不同,且不同组分对Cd和Sb的络合能力差异较大.另外,在Cd处理中,Ex/Em= 301nm /346nm处的类蛋白组分的荧光强度变化有所波动,说明与类腐殖质组分相比,某些类蛋白组分与Cd形成的络合物稳定性较差.     

水稻幼苗镉积累特征和离体叶片耐镉性的基因型差异

水稻根系对镉(Cd)的富集能力和向地上部的转运效率直接决定着水稻地上部的Cd积累量,是影响稻米中镉含量的关键因素。提高水稻根系对Cd的阻控能力有助于降低南方稻区大米镉含量超标的风险。以水稻核心种质资源中的高Cd积累品种‘齐头白谷’和低Cd积累品种‘27760’的幼苗和离体叶片为材料,对其Cd吸收转运特性和耐镉能力进行了比较研究。结果表明,根系细胞壁和原生质体的Cd吸收动力学特征都符合米氏方程,‘齐头白谷’的Cd最大吸收速率F_(max)显著大于‘27760’,Km值无显著差异。当根际环境中的Cd浓度高于0.89μmol·L~(-1)时,‘齐头白谷’的细胞壁和原生质体的Cd积累速率显著高于‘27760’。地上部细胞壁和原生质体的Cd吸收速率与根系可溶性组分中的Cd浓度呈显著的线性正相关。当根系可溶性组分中的Cd浓度相近时,‘齐头白谷’地上部细胞壁和原生质体的Cd积累速率显著高于‘27760’。在0.89~8.9μmol·L~(-1)的Cd溶液中,‘齐头白谷’离体叶片的失绿速度明显低于‘27760’。‘齐头白谷’具有耐Cd能力强、Cd积累速率快和转运效率高的特点。水稻离体叶片的耐Cd能力和幼苗根系的Cd积累能力以及幼苗的Cd转运能力高度相关,它们都可作为快速鉴定低Cd积累品种的生理指标。     

Assessment of pollution of potentially harmful elements in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incinerator,China

We assessed the contamination levels of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, As and Hg and the risks posed by these potentially harmful elements in top-soils around a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI).We collected 20 soil samples, with an average pH of 8.1, and another fly ash sample emitted from the MSWI to investigate the concentrations of these elements in soils. We determined the concentrations of these elements by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), except for Hg, which we measured by AF-610B atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS). We assessed the risks of these elements through the use of geoaccumulation index (I _geo), potential ecological risk index (RI), hazard quotient (HQ _i ) and cancer risk (Risk _i ). The results showed that concentrations of potentially harmful elements in soil were influenced by the wind direction, and the concentrations of most elements were higher in the area northwest of the MSWI, compared with the area southeast of the incinerator, with the exception of As; these results were in accordance with those results acquired from our contour maps. According to the I _geo values, some soil samples were clearly polluted by Hg emissions. However, the health risk assessment indicated that the concentrations of Hg and other elements in soil did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to the local populations. This was also the case for the carcinogenic risks posed by As, Cr, and Ni. The carcinogenic risk posed by As was higher, in the range 6.49 × 10^–6–9.58 × 10^–6, but this was still considered to be an acceptable level of risk.

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Utilization of aluminum hydroxide waste generated in fluoride adsorption and coagulation processes for adsorptive removal of cadmium ion

Although Al-based coagulation and adsorption processes have been proved highly efficient for fluoride (F) removal, the two processes both generate large amount of Al(OH)₃ solid waste containing F (Al(OH)₃-F). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Al(OH)₃-F generated in Al(OH)₃ adsorption (Al(OH)₃-F_ads) and coagulation (Al(OH)₃-F_coag) for the adsorption of cadmium ion (Cd(II)). The adsorption capacity of Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag for Cd(II) was similar as that of pristine aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), being of 24.39 and 19.90 mg·g^–1, respectively. The adsorption of Cd(II) onto Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag was identified to be dominated by ion-exchange with sodium ion (Na⁺) or hydrogen ion (H⁺), surface microprecitation, and electrostatic attraction. The maximum concentration of the leached fluoride from Al(OH)₃-F_ads and Al(OH)₃-F_coag is below the Chinese Class-I IndustrialWastewater Discharge Standard for fluoride (<10 mg·L^–1). This study demonstrates that the Al(OH)₃ solid wastes generated in fluoride removal process could be potentially utilized as a adsorbent for Cd(II) removal.     

Metal associations in anoxic sediments and changes following upland disposal†

The ecological effects of heavy metals in contaminated sediments are more determined by the chemical form and reactivity than by the level of accumulation. Dredging of anoxic sediments and disposal on land is attended by changes of redox conditions. Under oxidizing conditions some controlling solid compounds may change gradually thus changing the solubility of certain metals.

Chemical extraction experiments for estimating characteristic association forms of heavy metals in anoxic sediments were carried out, both under presence and absence of air during the analytical procedure. Drying of the sediment decreases the proportion of the sulfidic metal fractions to a stronger degree, and oxidized Cd and Zn are found in the most available, exchangeable fraction.

With respect to long‐term effects acidification of poorly buffered sludges after disposal on land is probably the most important factor affecting metal associations and mobility. For many metal examples a linear relationship has been found between decreasing pH values and increasing dissolved metal concentrations. To quantify these relationships and for better comparison of samples a simple test procedure is proposed which is based on pH differences before and after addition of acid.     

Choice of chelating antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication∗

During acute oral intoxication by cadmium compounds, gastrointestinal epithelial damage contributes to immediate toxicity. However, secondary systemic toxicity may develop due to intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review presents an evaluation of the effects of chelators on the acute toxicity of cadmium after parenteral or oral exposure and on the intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review shows:

1. Chelating agents may affect the acute toxicity of cadmium in a variety of ways depending on the exposure route for cadmium and administration route for the chelator.

2. With regard to survival, systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium is of major importance, as intraperitoneal administration of chelators could eliminate or reduce mortality due to orally administered cadmium chloride.

3. Lipophilicity of chelators and their cadmium complexes may result in extensively augmented intestinal uptake. However, hydrophilic chelators may efficiently reduce the intestinal cadmium uptake.

4. For hydrophilic chelators, the stability of the cadmium complex is an important determining factor of efficacy.

5. The optimal oral antidote towards orally administered cadmium are the BAL analogs, especially DMSA, while the optimal intraperitoneal antidotes towards orally or intraperitoneally administered cadmium are the higher members of the polyaminopolycarboxylate family, especially TTHA.

6. When administered simultaneously (DMSA orally and TTHA intraperitoneally), these chelators synergistically reduce the whole‐body retention of cadmium.

In conclusion, chelation treatment in acute oral cadmium intoxication should first prevent/reduce intestinal damage and uptake by rapid oral administration of a chelating antidote and then alleviate systemic toxicity due to absorbed cadmium and enhance renal/biliary cadmium excretion by parenteral administration of a chelating antidote.