Fe掺杂TiO2催化剂制备及其光催化脱汞机理

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-TiO₂(Fe掺杂纳米二氧化钛)催化剂,通过XRD(X射线衍射仪)、SEM(扫描电镜)、EDX(能量色散X射线光谱仪)和UV-Vis谱对其形态、结构、组成和性质进行表征. 采用Fe-TiO₂催化剂脱除气态Hg0(元素汞),研究了该催化剂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞效果,并考察了Fe3+的最佳掺杂比. 结果表明:在Fe-TiO₂光催化剂中,TiO₂以锐钛矿相形态存在,当Fe3+掺杂浓度〔以n(Fe)/n(Ti)计〕达到0.010时,所制备的Fe-TiO₂在紫外光和可见光下的脱汞率均达到最大,分别为54.76%和18.92%. 提出了Fe-TiO₂光催化脱汞的可能机制:Fe3+掺入TiO₂结构中,使TiO₂的导带与Fe3+的d轨道发生重叠,导致TiO₂能带变窄,从而扩展了可见光的响应范围;Fe3+在TiO₂中作为一个浅俘获阱,当其俘获光生电子以后,光生空穴能够继续扩散到TiO₂表面发生表面化学反应,生成具有强氧化性的超氧自由基O₂-和·OH,对Hg0进行氧化;当Fe3+掺杂浓度大于0.010时,由于过多的Fe3+成为了光生电子和光生空穴的俘获位,从而使俘获的电子-空穴对通过量子隧道效应复合的概率增加,同时,活性氧化物种O₂-和·OH相互消耗,抑制了光催化效率.      

Effect of acute whole-body proton irradiation on hematological and intestinal variables in mice

Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single dose of protons or ⁶⁰Co gamma rays at 20 mGy and 2 Gy, which represent the recommended limit for annual occupational exposure and the daily fractional dose for patients undergoing radiotherapy, respectively. A control group was not exposed to radiation. The number of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleen cells was assessed 24 h after radiation to investigate the marrow suppression. The number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood was significantly lower in mice exposed to the higher dose of radiation than in the nonirradiated mice. However, at a low dose of radiation, there were no discernable hematological effects. The frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells was increased only after the high dose of gamma radiation. Radiation-induced intestinal apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase labeling assay. The magnitude of damage was greater after gamma irradiation than after proton irradiation at the same dose. Among the systemic biological end point to predict whole body radiation effect, the apoptosis of intestinal crypts may be the most sensitive parameter to provide information even at low dose of radiation.     

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Red I dye and its treatment by UV light

Degradation of Acid Red I (ARI) dye by electrochemical treatment and UV light irradiation was studied in this work. The effect of the current density and the concentration of NaCl and dye on the decoloration and degradation efficiency were studied and optimized. The UV irradiation was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and chemical oxygen demand. The kinetic constants for decoloration and degradation were calculated. Degradation of 86% was achieved in 160?min and the first-order kinetic constant was 0.013?min^?1. Degradation products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The mechanism for the degradation of ARI was proposed.     

Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review

The frequent detection of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin in surface and drinking waters around the world has attracted concern from various researchers. Such presence is an indication that the decontamination of water polluted by antibiotics is beyond the conventional treatment methods. However, among the different treatment methods that have been developed in the area of water purification, heterogeneous photocatalysis using semiconductor as a mediator has been rated as an efficient and a green wastewater treatment method. This is because, the process is effective in degrading and mineralizing organic pollutants, using UV or visible light. The present review paper covers a brief survey over a range of publications in the last decade, involving photocatalytic materials that have been employed in the purification of water contaminated by ciprofloxacin.     

杭州无车日大气细颗粒物化学组成形成机制及光学特性

在世界无车日期间对PM2.5化学组分、光学参数及气态污染物进行同步监测,评估机动车尾气排放对杭州市细颗粒物污染及能见度的影响.结果表明:管制期间NO2、NOx、CO和PM2.5浓度分别为45.0, 50.8, 1119, 85.8μg/m3,比平日分别下降了17.5%、23.3%、20.6%和32.6%.管制期间PM2.5中OC、EC和二次无机组分浓度为8.58, 4.29, 25.95μg/m3,比管制前下降了13.8%、12.6%和15.7%,管制后则达到20.24, 10.85, 27.39μg/m3,上升了136.0%、152.7%和5.5%.管制期间较高的NO3-/PM2.5和NOR(0.15)表明PM2.5的形成更多受二次无机转化影响,管制后PM2.5中上升的OC、EC比例和较低的NOR(0.07)则说明PM2.5主要来自机动车排放的碳质组分的贡献.硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机气溶胶和EC是最主要的消光组分,共解释了总消光系数的74.0%~89.7%.管制后,机动车排放的有机物和EC消光比例达到26.6%和24.6%,大气消光系数则达到438.7Mm-1,比管制期间上升了60.5%,表明机动车污染排放已成为影响杭州大气细颗粒物污染和能见度下降的重要因素.     

高能辐射去除饮用水中邻苯二甲酸酯的影响因素

为提高高能辐射去除邻苯二甲酸脂类化合物(PAEs)的能效,研究了辐射去除的主要影响因素:剂量、射线类型、初始浓度、气氛、pH值、共存物质以及PAE类型(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,DMP;邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,DEP;邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,DBP).以DMP为研究对象,辐照功效(GD)随PAEs初始浓度增加而增加,但随吸收剂量的增加而下降;辐照存在剂量率效应,在同等剂量下,g 辐照比EB辐照能量利用率更高.不同气氛条件下辐照降解效率顺序为:充O2>饱和空气>充N2;在本试验浓度下,辐射降解的最适初始 pH值是5~10,较低或较高pH值都会降低去除效率;水中阴离子抑制剂存在会降低去除效果.不同类型PAEs辐照去除效率大小依次为DMP,DEP,DBP.     

水体中磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的自然光降解

实验研究了磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶连续暴露于自然光下72 h,在pH值为4.0、7.0、9.0水体中的光降解行为,同时考察了黑暗条件下对照样品在不同pH条件下的稳定性.实验表明,光强、光照时间、水体pH都直接影响到磺胺甲恶唑的去除率.在自然光照环境下,不同pH溶液中的磺胺甲恶唑均易发生光降解,而黑暗对照样品去除率较小.甲氧苄氨嘧啶则比较稳定,几乎未发生降解,但黑暗对照样品在pH值为4.0和7.0的溶液中,与起始浓度相比,去除率大于10%,这可能主要与该药物在不同pH溶液中的离子形态及光照过程中的温度波动有关.     

g 辐照预处理促进剩余污泥发酵产氢的研究

为降低能耗,提高辐照技术的经济性,探讨了在0~9.5kGy范围内,γ辐照剂量对生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余污泥中耗氢菌的抑制效果和对发酵产氢的影响,建立了描述发酵产氢过程及辐照影响的动力学模型.结果表明,γ辐照剂量从0增加至9.5kGy时,污泥溶解率从0增加至4%,上清液中可检测出一定的蛋白质和多糖等物质,其中蛋白质中的氮素占溶出总氮素的90%,表明较低剂量辐照即对污泥菌体造成较明显的破解,这可在一定程度上抑制无法形成芽孢的耗氢菌活性;与之相对应的是污泥发酵产氢能力的明显提升,以葡萄糖为底物(1.0g/L),在35℃和初始pH值为7.0时,当辐射剂量仅为0.5kGy时,累积产氢量即比未辐照时有70%的提升,进一步增加辐照剂量至5kGy,累计产氢量和产氢得率均继续增长且达到最大值,分别为240mL/g葡萄糖和1.93mLH2/mol葡萄糖(发酵液的污泥量达2.0g VSS/L);此后,污泥发酵产氢能力随辐射剂量的增加而降低.修正的Logistic模型能很好地描述本研究中累积产氢量随时间的变化规律,而修正的Han-Levenspiel模型能很好地描述辐照剂量对平均产氢速率的影响.     

Wastewater management for hazardous chemicals ‐ disposal of ammonium perchlorate wastes from propellant production for space vehicles

An attempt to depict the wastewater treatment system for the production of ammonium perchlorate, a component of solid propellant used in space vehicles, has been made. The waste‐water management system uses solar ponds and seawater dilution for the retention and disposal of the undesirable constituents of the wastewater. The details of the wastewater generation and its treatment are highlighted in this paper.     

碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO_2的制备及可见光光催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同原料比例碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂,运用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）,X射线衍射（XRD）,透射电镜（TEM）等检测手段对催化剂进行了初步表征.结果表明,经过450℃煅烧处理得到的TiO2、铈掺杂TiO2以及碘铈共掺杂TiO2催化剂均为锐钛矿相,掺杂的Ce和I原子可能以I—Ce—O及O—Ti—I等键合方式进入TiO2晶格内部,此外,I-Ce离子共掺杂能有效降低TiO2表面的电子-空穴对的复合.以染料罗丹明B（Rhodamine B,RhB）和无色小分子水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）为降解的目标化合物,发现碘铈共掺杂的最佳物质的量之比为nCe∶nI∶nTi=0.04∶0.05∶1,即I0.05Ce0.04TiO2催化剂在可见光照射下（λ〉420 nm）降解目标化合物其光化学活性明显优于单掺铈的TiO2催化剂和未掺杂的TiO2.该催化反应涉及到空穴氧化,并伴有羟基自由基（.OH）、超氧自由基（O2.-）及H2O2等氧化物种的产生.