蠡湖沉积物重金属形态及稳定性研究

以蠡湖及其入湖河口为研究对象,采用连续分级提取法研究了表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb形态的空间赋存特征,同时结合各金属在间隙水体中的空间分布,探讨了各形态金属的稳定度及其生物有效性.结果表明,间隙水体及表层沉积物可提取态金属分布都具有明显的空间异质性,Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的高值区沿宝界桥和蠡湖大桥呈"带状"分布,Ni、As、Cd、Hg的高值区沿河口向湖区扩展,呈"扇形"分布,并且含量都在退渔还湖区较低.沉积物中Cd、Cu、Ni的可提取态占总量的质量分数较高,分别达到71.02%、54.79%和50.62%,其余金属则主要以残渣态为主.8种金属稳定性顺序为Cr>Pb>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Zn>Cd,Cd和Zn在大部分点位处于不稳定状态,快速解吸释放的风险较大.间隙水体毒性评估表明,各金属不会对水生生态系统产生急性毒性,但部分区域尤其是入湖河口的Hg和Pb可能会对底栖生物产生慢性毒性.     

Screening of factors influencing Cu(II) extraction by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design

This study aimed to identify the significant factors that give large effects on the efficiency of Cu(II) extraction from aqueous solutions by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design. Six factors (mixing time (t), di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid concentration ([D2EHPA]), organic to aqueous phase ratio (O:A), sodium sulfate concentration ([Na(2)SO(4)]), equilibrium pH (pH(eq)) and tributylphosphate concentration ([TBP])) affecting the percentage extraction (%E) of Cu(II) were investigated. A 2(6-1) fractional factorial design was applied and the results were analyzed statistically. The results show that only [D2EHPA], pH(eq) and their second-order interaction ([D2EHPA] × pH(eq)) influenced the %E significantly. Regression models for %E were developed and the adequacy of the reduced model was examined. The results of this study indicate that fractional factorial design is a useful tool for screening a large number of variables and reducing the number of experiments.     

Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures

Environmentally available concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in soils and sediments from a small suburban catchment, obtained using an acid leach procedure, are compared to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment lowest effect level (LEL) and severe effect levels (SEL) and to Provincial sediment quality guidelines (PSQG's). These data are then compared to the bioavailability, potential bioavailability and non-bioavailability of the same metals, plus oxalate concentration, identified using a selective extraction procedure. This combination of techniques enhanced analytical interpretation with respect to metal mobility and potential metal contamination. Selective extraction highlighted the presence of oxalate as a potential contaminant, especially in poorly drained valley floor deposits (33,633 mg kg(-1) and 26,284 mg kg(-1)) and lakeshore sediments (27,095 mg kg(-1) and 13,729 mg kg(-1)). These levels are considerably in excess of those previously documented in a similar study from Rio de Janeiro, where contamination of urban sediment by sewage is a recognised environmental problem, and could possibly be used both as an indicator of similar contamination and the identification of those areas that warrant further investigation.     

Heavy metal content and distribution in surface sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was studied using a modified three-step sequential procedure to assess their impacts in the sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey. Samples were collected from six representative stations in two campaigns in October 2009 and June 2010, which correspond to the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The total metal concentrations in the sediments demonstrated different distribution patterns at the various stations. Cadmium was the only metal that was below detection at all stations during both sampling periods. Metal fractionation showed that, except for Mn and Pb, the majority of metals were found in the residual fraction regardless of sampling time, indicating that these metals were strongly bound to the sediments. The potential mobility of the metals (non-residual fractions) is reflected in the following ranking: Pb > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in October 2009 and Mn > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr in June 2010. The second highest proportion of metals was bound to organic matter/sulfides, originating primarily from anthropogenic activities. Non-residual metal fractions for all stations were highest in June 2010, which may be linked to higher organic matter concentrations in the sediment samples with 1.40% and 15.1% in October 2009 and June 2010, respectively. Potential sediment toxicity was evaluated using the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). Based on RAC classification, Cd and Cr pose no risk, Cu and Ni pose low risk, Pb and Zn were classified as medium risk metals, while the environmental risk from Mn was high. In addition, based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the Seyhan River can be classified as a river with no, to moderate, toxicological risks, based on total metal concentrations.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱检测地表水中五种生物胺

采用固相萃取及高效液相色谱串联质谱技术,建立了地表水中5种生物胺（腐胺、尸胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、色胺）的测定方法。水样中2-苯乙胺、酪胺和色胺可直接进样测定,腐胺和尸胺经HLB固相萃取柱富集,乙腈洗脱,氮吹浓缩至1.0mL后进样液相色谱串联质谱分析,以选择离子监测（SRM）模式定量分析。在本实验条件下,加标回收率在89.4%～122%之间,相对标准偏差2.15%～11.9%（n=7）,检出限在0.05～5μg/L。     

基于DEA- Benchmarking模型的资源开采企业绩效评价与发展研究

通过固定资产净额等4个输入指标和净利润等3个输出指标,利用DEA方法对全国19家上市资源开采企业的绩效水平进行测度,同时利用Benchmarkirg方法在众多企业中找到标杆企业和待改进企业.待改进企业通过向标杆企业学习得到不断发展,从而促进行业的整体效率的提高.     

长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺研究

对长梗黄精主根与须根多糖的提取工艺进行了研究.在对乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间和粉碎粒度等进行单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了长梗黄精主根与须根多糖提取的最佳工艺条件,即对长梗黄精主根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度80％、浸提温度80℃、浸提时间50min、颗粒大小40目,此时多糖提取率为18.754％;而对长梗黄精须根多糖的提取最佳条件为乙醇浓度70％、浸提温度60℃、浸提时间30min、颗粒大小80目,此时多糖提取率为16.652％.须根多糖含量与主根含量差异性不显著,故须根的利用价值也很高,有待开发利用.     

反胶团萃取技术的影响因素与应用

反胶团是一种新型提取分离技术,具有防止生物大分子失活、变性等优良特性.综述了反胶团的原理、含水率、pH、表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、离子浓度、萃取时间等因素对反胶团萃取的影响及反胶团的应用.     

Would hotelling kill the electric car?

In this paper, we show that the potential for endogenous technological change in alternative energy sources may alter the behaviour of resource-owning firms. When technological progress in an alternative energy source can occur through learning-by-doing, resource owners face competing incentives to extract rents from the resource and to prevent expansion of the new technology. We show that in such a context, it is not necessarily the case that scarcity-driven higher traditional energy prices over time will induce alternative energy supply as resources are exhausted. Rather, we show that as we increase the learning potential in the substitute technology, lower equilibrium energy prices prevail and there may be increased resource extraction and greenhouse gas emissions. We show that the effectiveness and the incidence of emissions reduction policies may be altered by increased potential for technological change. Our results suggest that treating finite resource rents as endogenous consequences of both technological progress and policy changes will be important for the accurate assessment of climate change policy.     

高压液相色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中的阿特拉津

通过条件实验,建立了水体中阿特拉津的高效液相色谱检测法,以ODS C18柱为色谱柱,甲醇:水=60:40为流动相,检测波长225nm,柱温40℃,用二氯甲烷萃取,外标法定量,线性范围为0.02～10.0mg/L,相关系数达0.9999,采样体积为500 ml时,方法检出限为0.012μg/L,精密度在2.5%～11.4...