环氧丙烷在不同条件下的反应稳定性研究

环氧丙烷具有较强化学活性,分析了环氧丙烷生产过程中可能出现的安全问题;测试了不同温度、pH值和铁离子存在条件下环氧丙烷的反应稳定性。结果表明,环氧丙烷在低pH值和铁离子存在的环境中容易发生强烈放热反应。根据环氧丙烷工业化生产的特点,提出了相应的控制条件。     

蛋鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量相关关系研究

为了寻找快速、简便、精确地测量液体蛋鸡粪便中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机物(OM)、铵态氮(AN)和总钾(TK)含量的方法,研究了采样前将样品搅拌或静置对所取样品代表性的影响,并用75份生长期为4～6月龄蛋鸡的液体粪便样本建立了密度(SG)与TN、TP、OM,电导率(EC)与AN和TK的一元线性回归模型以及SG、EC、pH与TN、TP、OM、AN和TK的多元线性回归模型.结果表明,对于TN、TP、OM、AN,采样前将样品充分搅拌是获得代表性样本的前提条件,而搅拌与否并不影响TK代表性样本的获得.SG与TN、TP、OM,EC与AN和TK均存在显著的线性相关性(P＜0.001),模型的决定系数(R2)均较高,分别为0.94,0.94,0.95,0.94和0.94,多元线性模型的决定系数高于一元线性模型的决定系数.用另外15份样本对5个一元线性回归模型进行验证,并对模型系数b和常数项a进行t检验,得出在显著水平α=0.05上,假设Ha0:(a)=0和Hb0:(b)=1全部接受.由此认为,SG与TN、TP和OM,EC与AN和TK所建立的一元线性回归模型均具有较好的预测效果.     

长江水中泥沙及悬浮粒子对Pb2+的吸附作用研究

对长江水中泥沙与Pb2 的吸附作用进行研究.结果表明,长江水中泥沙与Pb2 进行阳离子交换反应,河水pH值是控制Pb2 与泥沙交换吸附的主要因素,泥沙浓度是控制江水中重金属迁移转化的主要因素;Pb2 初始浓度增大时,吸附作用增强.     

UASB处理生物废水的中试研究

介绍了UASB处理生物废水的效果,探讨了废水容积负荷、温度的影响,以及pH值、产气量的变化。     

Factors influencing concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and total mercury (TM) in an artificial reservoir

The effects of various factors including turbidity, pH, DOC, temperature, and solar radiation on the concentrations of total mercury (TM) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were investigated in an artificial reservoir in Korea. Episodic total mercury accumulation events occurred during the rainy season as turbidity increased, indicating that the TM concentration was not controlled by direct atmospheric deposition. The DGM concentration in surface water ranged from 3.6 to 160 pg/L, having a maximum in summer and minimum in winter. While in most previous studies DGM was controlled primarily by a photo-reduction process, DGM concentrations tracked the amount of solar radiation only in winter when the water temperature was fairly low in this study. During the other seasons microbial transformation seemed to play an important role in reducing Hg(II) to Hg(0). DGM increased as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased (p-value < 0.01) while it increased with a decrease of pH (p-value < 0.01).     

Physical and Sanitary Quality of Hand-Dug Well Water from Oil-Producing Area of Nigeria

The physical (pH, Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, conductivity, water depth temperature) and bacteriological (Total coliforms, Faecal coliforms) characteristics of 22 hand-dug wells in oil-rich Niger Delta of Nigeria were investigated. All coliforms counts (Log₁₀ MPN/100 ml) varied from well to well ranging from 0 to 6.0 although faecal coliform counts were markedly lower (0–3.5 vs 1.0–6.0). When both seasons were compared, faecal coliform counts were significantly higher (t test; P < 0.05) during the wet season whereas no significant difference was observed in respect of total coliforms. Unlike the total coliforms, faecal coliform counts increased in wells close to septic tanks during the wet season. Although a declining trend was observed during the wet season, the values of the physical parameters were within WHO limits. The pH was slightly acidic (Mean ± SD: dry season, 6.04 ± 0.66; wet, 6.43 ± 0.62) and may be attributed to emissions from gas flaring and petroleum refining activities, which is common in the area. While the total coliform counts reflected the unsanitary habits of the well users, the detection of faecal coliforms exceeding recommended numbers in 63% of the wells render them unfit for domestic use. The public health implication is obvious considering the increasing number of people using the wells due to the rapid urbanization of the oil-rich region.     

Optimized Coagulation of High Alkalinity, Low Temperature and Particle Water: pH Adjustment and Polyelectrolytes as Coagulant Aids

The Yellow River in winter as source water is characterized as high alkalinity, low temperature and low particle concentrations, which have brought many difficulties to water treatment plants. This study fully examines the optimized coagulation process of the Yellow River by conventional and pre-polymerized metal coagulants, pH adjustment and polyelectrolytes as the primary coagulants or coagulant aids. For all the metal coagulants, polyaluminum chlorides are superior to traditional metal coagulants due to their stable polymeric species and low consumption of alkalinity. The removal of natural organic matter by monomeric metal coagulants can be improved through pH adjustment, which is in accordance with the higher concentration of polymeric species formed at corresponding pH value. With the addition of polyelectrolytes as coagulant aids, the coagulation performance is significantly improved. The effective removal of dissolved organic matter is consistent with high charge density, while molecular weight is relatively important for removing particles, which is consistent with polyelectrolytes as primary coagulants. These results suggest that the coagulation mechanisms in the removal of dissolved organic matter and particles are different, which may be exploited for optimized coagulation for the typical source water in practice.     

生物氧化磁黄铁矿产生铁离子

从广东云浮矿山酸性废水中富集获得氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans),利用该氧化亚铁硫杆菌研究了反应时间、pH、温度、矿浆浓度和矿物粒度对磁黄铁矿生物氧化获得铁离子的影响。结果表明,在29℃,摇床转速200 r/min,10%接种量条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌可以明显促进磁黄铁矿的氧化,但反应后期有黄钾铁矾沉淀生成,不利于获得铁离子;控制溶液pH值为2.00,温度在29～36℃范围,可促进生物氧化磁黄铁矿获得铁离子;铁离子量随着矿浆浓度的增大和矿物粒度的减小而增加,优化的矿浆浓度和矿物粒径分别为6%和58μm左右。     

Evaluation of operational parameters in thermophilic acid fermentation of kitchen waste

In this study, the effect of operational parameters, such as solids retention time (SRT), pH, and substrate total solids (TS) concentration, on acid fermentation efficiency was investigated. From batch tests, it was shown that the appropriate pH range for thermophilic acidogens was around 6–7 and that the optimum pH condition was 6. From the continuous experiment, pH and SRT were shown to be the most important operational parameters for solubilization and organic acid production. In contrast, TS concentration did not show any obvious effect on chromium chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) solubilization when TS was in the range 3.5%–10%. The optimum operational conditions for thermophilic acid fermentation were an SRT of 2 days and a pH of 6. This research was carried as a part of the CREST project of Japan Science and Technology Agency.     

Base cation depletion, eutrophication and acidification of species-rich grasslands in response to long-term simulated nitrogen deposition

Pollutant nitrogen deposition effects on soil and foliar element concentrations were investigated in acidic and limestone grasslands, located in one of the most nitrogen and acid rain polluted regions of the UK, using plots treated for 8-10years with 35-140kg Nha(-2)y(-1) as NH(4)NO(3). Historic data suggests both grasslands have acidified over the past 50years. Nitrogen deposition treatments caused the grassland soils to lose 23-35% of their total available bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) and they became acidified by 0.2-0.4 pH units. Aluminium, iron and manganese were mobilised and taken up by limestone grassland forbs and were translocated down the acid grassland soil. Mineral nitrogen availability increased in both grasslands and many species showed foliar N enrichment. This study provides the first definitive evidence that nitrogen deposition depletes base cations from grassland soils. The resulting acidification, metal mobilisation and eutrophication are implicated in driving floristic changes.