三峡库区消落带富营养化及其危害预测和防治

三峡水库蓄水运行后将出现一个落差达30 m的永久消落带。消落带是水域生态系统与岸上陆地生态系统的交替控制地带,该地带具有生物的多样性、人类活动的频繁性和生态的脆弱性,随着人类活动的影响,已成为湖岸带中生态最脆弱的地带。由于工业和生活用水污染以及水体自净能力下降,消落区富营养化相关物质（如氮和磷）污染会进一步加剧。因此,必须针对库区消落带地区的特殊情况,选择适当的模式对消落带进行超前环境整治和保护,实现三峡库区生态系统的恢复和重建。     

土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用

以湖南省土地、森林利用状况等有关资料为基础,从土壤和森林对降水形成径流的影响,调节水资源的数量和方式,防洪抗旱减灾方面的作用3个层次,详细地剖析了土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用。结果指出,土壤水库和森林植被能够调节水资源,其潜力非常大。合理利用土壤水库和森林植被可以蓄水保土减蚀,削减洪峰,减少自然灾害。     

地表水泥沙与总磷测定值的相关性分析

为研究总磷与泥沙之间的质量浓度关系,采集了三峡库区7个断面的地表水样品,通过筛分、滤膜过滤等方式,分离了水样中不同粒径的泥沙,得到含不同泥沙质量浓度的水样,并同步分析了水样中泥沙和总磷的质量浓度.结果表明,在丰水期,总磷主要来源于泥沙中吸附的有机磷和无机磷,而溶解态磷较少.泥沙与总磷质量浓度可以用线性关系和对数关系模拟,泥沙是影响地表水中总磷测定结果的主要原因之一.     

MULTI-OBJECTIVE RESERVOIR OPERATION INCLUDING TURBIDITY CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: The operational problems of a reservoir are expressed by three coordinates: space, time stage, and objective. The operational procedure is formulated using dynamic programming as a multi-objective problem. After comparing the scalar and the vector optimization, the scalar optimization technique is applied to turbidity analysis in a reservoir.     

基于虚拟技术的三峡库区应急救援系统

三峡大坝蓄水后水质和生态环境安全的威胁加大。笔者基于对库区蓄水后水质状况的分析,将虚拟技术应用到三峡库区应急救援系统的设计中,提出了基于虚拟技术的应急响应流程,建立系统数据库和实时监控及预警体系,并以嘉陵江重庆段事故后污染物质的迁移扩散为例,应用数值模拟软件实现电子模拟演习,加强应急预案的建设和应急反应系统实战能力的提高。该系统通过建立应急救援数据库和实时监测及预警机制,提高库区应急响应效率,强化库区事故防范能力,并运用数值模拟方法为系统提供形象直观的电子模拟演习工具,为库区突发性水污染事故的处理提供强有力的决策支持。     

水库泥沙淤积量测算方法研究综述及展望

我国江河大多泥沙量大，所建水库淤积严重，由此带来了一系列的问题。因此，及时、准确地确定其淤积量及淤积位置对工程措施的实施非常重要。首先，介绍了水库淤积量的测量方法，包括经纬仪测记法、SAR法、GPS＋测深仪法；然后，针对淤积量的计算方法进行了详尽的述评，如：等深线、规则网格镶嵌法、断面或地形法、基于GIS的DTM法、泰森多边形法及基于库容曲线的泥沙淤积量计算法、输沙量平衡法和水力模型法等；最后，对水深测量误差的控制及淤积体体积计算的改进进行了探讨和展望，指出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。     

SIMULATED EFFECTS OF ALTERED SPILLWAY RELEASES ON THERMAL STRUCTURE AND KOKANEE GROWTH IN A COLORADO RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: In‐reservoir thermal and ecological effects of releasing some flows over the surface spillway at Blue Mesa Reservoir, Colorado, rather than routing all releases through the hypolimnetic outlet were evaluated using a calibrated and validated one‐dimensional thermal model (CE‐THERM) with a set of ecological models. Thermal model output indicated that surface water temperatures were influenced primarily by atmospheric conditions, but the release of warmer water over the spillway resulted in a thinner epilimnion and cooler metalimnetic water temperatures. Ecological model predictions indicated that spillway releases and associated temperatures resulted in lower growth rates for young‐of‐year (YOY) kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the reservoir by up to 9 percent when compared with growth rates under baseline operations with no releases over the spillway. Kokanee growth rates were reduced under spillway release scenarios because lower temperatures not only affected metabolic rates, but limited the productivity of the zooplankton as well. Thus, altering the release regime with spillway discharges could have deleterious effects on Blue Mesa's YOY kokanee. However, in other reservoirs, distributing discharges among different elevations may provide managers with a mechanism to regulate temperatures to benefit species of concern that are facing challenges imposed by environmental conditions such as global warming.     

A NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM FOR REAL-TIME HOURLY RESERVOIR OPERATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The optimization of real-time operations for a single reservoir system is studied. The objective is to maximize the sum of hourly power generation over a period of one day subject to constraints of hourly power schedules, daily flow requirement for water supply and other purposes, and the limitations of the facilities. The problem has a nonlinear concave objective function with nonlinear concave and linear constraints. Nonlinear Duality Theorems and Lagrangian Procedures are applied to solve the problem where the minimization of the Lagrangian is carried out by a modified gradient projection technique along with an optimal stepsize determination routine. The dimension of the problem in terms of the number of variables and constraints is reduced by eliminating the 24 continuity equations with a special implicit routine. A numerical example is presented using data provided by the Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.     

IMPACT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT MODIFICATIONS ON WATER QUALITY OF A RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT. As a result of several investigations conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering through the Water Resources Research Center at The University of Tennessee, dating from 1966 to the present, a rather comprehensive surveillance of water quality conditions has been maintained in Forth Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River near Knowville, Tennessee. During the period covered by these investigations, the Knoxville Third Creek Sewage Treatment Plant was upgraded from a primary plant to a secondary (activated sludge) treatment plant. Comparison of the collected data is being undertaken herein to elucidate the impact of these modifications upon water quality conditions in the reservoir. Consideration is given to the improvements of water quality as related to the expenditure for modification of the treatment facilities. In addition, comment is directed toward the public health significance of the water quality conditions determined.     

RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION USING LANISAT TM IMAGES1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water quality is traditionally monitored and evaluated based on field data. Collecting and analyzing field water quality data are costly and time consuming tasks, and whether a limited number of field data truly characterize the spatial variation of the trophic state within a vast water body is often disputed. In this study we utilize Landsat TM data to estimate the water quality and trophic state of the Te‐Chi reservoir in Central Taiwan. A modified multi‐parameter model of Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) was developed for the Te‐chi reservoir. Water quality parameters (concentration of chlorophyll‐a, total phosphorous measurement, and secchi disk depth) required by the model are found to have high correlations with combinations of TM bands. Therefore, TM data are used to map the trophic state of the reservoir. TM‐derived TSI maps of the reservoir reveal that, in summer, the trophic state in the reservoir generally improves from upstream to downstream and that zones of distinct trophic state exist. A trophic state index based on secchi disk depth may give erroneous values in the upstream section of the reservoir pool due to high sediment concentration in the reservoir inflow. We conclude that the Te‐Chi reservoir is eutrophic or worse in summer and meso‐eutrophic in winter. Implementation of best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution in the upstream watershed is highly recommended. This study demonstrates the capability of mapping the trophic state in impounded water bodies using the Landsat TM data.