Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland＂ water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960-2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation. ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, northeast China

Population demography, seed production, biomassallocation, net photosynthesis and transpiration of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations and between two years in Songnenplain, northeast China were compared. Strong differences betweenthe dry 1997 and moist 1998 occurred in vegetative shoot and sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and tiller densities, aswell as in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers perinflorescence, seed weights and biomass allocation in eachpopulation respectively (P<0.01). While strong differences betweenthe two populations occurred in vegetative shoot densities, sexualshoot densities, sexual differentiation and seed weights in eachyear (P<0.01). The differences between the two populations intiller densities and in biomass allocation to sexual shoots were significant (P<0.05). But there were no significant differences between the two populations in the lengths of inflorescence, seed numbers per inflorescence and biomass allocation to rhizomes and vegetative shoots (P>0.05). Excepting the transpiration rate in the early June, the differences between the two populations in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate of vegetative shoots and sexual shoots were strongly significant in the early June and July respectively (P<0.01). Relative stable variations in population demography and physiological traits between the two populations indicated that they are divergently in the Songnen Plain.     

三江平原沼泽湿地污水处理的实地模拟研究

现场模拟发现，沼泽湿地生态系统对污水中N、P的净化速度随时间的延长呈指数规律下降，初期净化效果与污水中N、P的含量为正相关关系。毛果苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）生态系统和乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）生态系统对N、P的去除量大于纯沼泽水，毛果苔背系统又高于乌拉 苔草，表明植物各类和重量、泥炭土厚度等都影响净化效率。通过统计显示，毛果苔草生态系统不同组分对N的净化能力大小的排列次序为：茎叶＞泥炭＞根系＞枯落物；对P的净化能力排列次序为：根系＞泥炭＞茎叶＞枯落物。按单位质量组分对P的去除量由小到大对比，泥炭：茎叶：枯落物：根第为1.00:1.81:2.95:3.84；而对N的净化效果由小到大对比，泥炭：枯落物：根系：茎叶为1.00:1.62:2.00:5.11。毛果苔果地上部分单位干重对N的吸附量是地下部分的大约2.6倍，表现出N具有从根系向茎叶传递积累的特性；相反，毛果苔草地下部分单位干重对P的吸量是地上部分的大约2.1倍，显示P主要积累于毛苔草的根系中。     

人工湿地系统在河网水质污染治理中的应用初探

姚北平原河网水体榨菜废水污染严重，根据废水的排放特点，分卤水落水前、卤水落水期和卤水落水后3个典型时段对河网水质进行监测，结果表明，其污染类型为有机污染。基于榨菜废水排放的分散性和不定期的特点，提出人工湿地系统治理榨菜废水污染的方案设想，并就工艺流程、耐盐型水生植物等进行了初步探讨。     

华北平原玉米-小麦轮作农田N2O交换通量的研究

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,运用静态箱法对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田农田N2O交换通量进行了连续1 a对比研究.正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田样地N2O全年的累积排放量分别为7.61 kg.hm-2和12.6kg.hm-2,其中秸秆还田引起N2O排放明显增加主要发生在玉米生长季节.两种处理样地在玉米季N2O的排放量占全年累积排放的57%～86%,表明华北玉米-小麦轮作体系中N2O排放主要集中在玉米季.各次施肥后10 d内N2O的累积排放量约占全年总排放量的71%～88%,显然现有化肥极大促进了华北农田N2O排放.     

河北平原土壤硒异常成因及其生态效应

河北平原多目标区域地球化学调查在唐山开滦煤田及石家庄-邯郸一带发现了以Se元素为主的土壤地球化学异常。本文利用相关分析、多元统计分析等地球化学方法,对土壤Se异常成因、来源、生态环境效应等问题进行解释与评价。结果表明,燃煤产生的大气降尘是形成土壤Se异常的主要原因。土壤Se异常区小麦、玉米中Se元素含量明显高于非异常区,且有害元素含量不超标。     

Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain

Passive air sampling (PAS) was employed to study the occurrence of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs in the North Chinese Plain. The averaged concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were 485 ± 209 ng/m³ and 267 ± 161 ng/m³, respectively. The PAHs concentrations at urban sites were generally higher than those at rural ones with ratios <1.5 in spring, summer and fall, but differences between them were not significant for the wintertime and annually averaged concentrations. This urban-rural distribution pattern was related to the PAHs emission sources. PAHs spatial variation can be partially (49%) explained by emission with a simple linear regression method. Both the gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer, with winter/summer ratios of 1.8 and 8, respectively. Emission strength was the most important factor for the seasonality.     

Fluorine distribution in aquatic environment and its health effect in the Western Region of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Endemic fluorosis was investigated and studied in the west region of the Songnen plain, Northeast China in 2001–2002. The results showed that the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment was that the fluorine concentrations in the lake water and unconfined ground water were higher than that in the river water and confined ground water. The lake water (Alkali lake) is connected with unconfined ground water. In unconfined ground water, from the east and southeast areas to the west and the northwest areas of the plain, fluorine concentration fluctuated with high and low alternatively. The fluorine in the water comes from the weathering of rocks and minerals in the mountains and hills around the Songnen Plain. The main influence factors of the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment are discussed. Unconfined ground water containing high fluorine is used as drinking water. In this region, the fluorine concentration in drinking water is evidently correlated to the morbidity of dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluorine concentration in drinking water has endangered human health.     

紫坪铺水库在振兴成都平原经济中的战略地位

紫坪铺水库集农业灌溉、城市生活及工业供水、防洪、发电、漂木、水产、航运、环保、旅游等综合效益于一身,经济指标优越,建设条件较好,无重大技术难题所扰,投资回收年限不足4年,因此,兴利除害,综合利用,费省效宏是紫坪铺水库的自身优势.成都平原灌区及成都市的经济振兴离不开水和电,因此,需要修建紫坪铺水库。紫坪铺水库自身的综合利用优势又因成都平原灌区及成都市的经济振兴而存在,两者结合将产生出巨大的经济效益和社会效益.     

INFLUENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS ON STORMFLOW RESPONSES OF PINE-COVERED CATCHMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The relative abundance of small mammals in five forest land cover types on the upper Coastal Plain of north Mississippi was determined. Burrowing mammals accounted for one-half of the total captures; one shrew species that accounted for over one-fourth of the total captures had a strong affinity for well-stocked pine plantations. The opportunity for detention and retention of rainfall was enhanced by burrowing activity. Reductions of stormflow volumes 12 to 15 years after replacing poor quality, upland hardwoods with loblolly pine were only partially explained by increased interception of rainfall; much of the residual reductions are postulated to be due to small mammal burrows. Small mammal activity deserves further study as an important aspect of forest land hydrology.