挠力河流域农垦开发中居民地景观生态特征的变化

运用GIS、景观格局分析与聚落分析方法定量分析了挠力河流域在快速农垦开发中居民地分布格局的时空变化，探讨了景观格局形成的机制。景观指数分析表明近50a来居民地面积和数目激增，居民地斑块面积、聚集度增大，表明人类对挠力河流域景观扰动持续增强。在所有背景地类中，居民地与耕地的邻接比例最高。伴随居民地和耕地迅速扩张，两者邻接比例呈上升趋势，两者相互影响越来越大。不同时期居民地扩张强度高值区分布有所不同，主要分布在早期的耕地新增区，1954-2000年挠力河流域居民地扩张高值区最终主要分布于该流域的西部与中部。虽然居民地数目和面积均激增，各居民地之间的距离亦呈缩短趋势，但居民地最近邻点指数表明，近50a来挠力河流域居民地分布类型一直为随机分布，农垦经济仍占主导地位，人为规划比城镇发达地区薄弱。     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1 600 m2的小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理,研究N、P输入浓度,割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明,在小叶章生长期和成熟期,湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化,N、P平均去除率分别为85.62%和85.94%。湿地水体中TN和NH4 -N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时,N、P去除率明显降低;割草会降低N去除率,但对P去除率影响不大;少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用,总净化率可达97.97%和99.05%。     

冀中南平原区气溶胶标高变化及估算模型研究

作为反映大气气溶胶垂直分布的重要参量,气溶胶标高被广泛应用于气溶胶反演及模型订正研究中.为研究气溶胶标高时空变化规律并构建其简易计算模型,基于2009～2016年气象站点观测资料及MODIS卫星反演数据,利用Peterson模型及多元回归分析对冀中南平原区气溶胶标高进行了估算分析.研究结果表明:区域气溶胶标高夏季最高,...     

Hydrogeochemical behavior of arsenic-enriched groundwater in the deltaic environment: comparison between two study sites in West Bengal, India

Groundwaters have been collected from deltaic areas of West Bengal (Chakdaha and Baruipur blocks) to record their hydrogeochemical characteristics, and to verify the mechanism of arsenic (As) release. The data reveals that shallow (<70 m) groundwaters in both areas are of Ca-Mg-HCO(3) type; however deeper (>70 m) groundwaters in Baruipur areas are slightly enriched with Na, Cl and SO(4), indicating possible saline water intrusion. The groundwater is anoxic (mean Eh: -124 and -131 mV) with high levels of As (mean: 116 and 293 mug/L), Fe (mean: 4.74 and 3.83 mg/L), PO(4) (mean: 3.73 and 3.21 mg/L) and Mn (mean: 0.37 and 0.49 mg/L), respectively for Chakdaha and Baruipur areas. The observed values of As and bicarbonate (mean: 409 and 499 mg/L) in the shallow aquifer are indicative of redox processes (e.g., oxidation of organic matter) favouring the release of As. Moreover, the presence of DOC in the shallow aquifer suggests that organic matter is young and reactive, and may actively engage in redox driven processes. Our study further confirms that both Fe- and Mn-reduction processes are the dominant mechanisms for As release in these groundwaters.     

The ecology of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) in Western Siberia

The data on the ecology of bilberry and cowberry in the West Siberian Plain, Kuznetsk Ala Tau, and highland Altai are presented. Ecological ranges of these plants and amplitudes of their tolerance for some environmental factors are described.     

淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水污染分析

以淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水为研究对象,通过对当地影响较大的污染源调查采样,分析了该地区所采602组水样的无机和有机污染状况。研究表明,区内浅层地下水无机污染较严重,基本形成面状污染,地下水超标率高达83．4％,超标率最高为碘化物。有机污染物检出率34．2％,主要包括二氯甲烷、萘和1,2-二氯乙烷等,以点状分布为主。在此基础上阐述了大气降水、污水灌溉、农业施肥以及地下水开采等人类活动对浅层地下水的影响和污染状况。     

挠力河流域农垦开发中居民地景观生态特征的变化

运用G IS、景观格局分析与聚落分析方法定量分析了挠力河流域在快速农垦开发中居民地分布格局的时空变化,探讨了景观格局形成的机制。景观指数分析表明近50 a来居民地面积和数目激增,居民地斑块面积、聚集度增大,表明人类对挠力河流域景观扰动持续增强。在所有背景地类中,居民地与耕地的邻接比例最高。伴随居民地和耕地迅速扩张,两者邻接比例呈上升趋势,两者相互影响越来越大。不同时期居民地扩张强度高值区分布有所不同,主要分布在早期的耕地新增区,1954—2000年挠力河流域居民地扩张高值区最终主要分布于该流域的西部与中部。虽然居民地数目和面积均激增,各居民地之间的距离亦呈缩短趋势,但居民地最近邻点指数表明,近50 a来挠力河流域居民地分布类型一直为随机分布,农垦经济仍占主导地位,人为规划比城镇发达地区薄弱。     

Numerical investigation concerning the impact of CO2 geologic storage on regional groundwater flow

Large-scale storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers may cause considerable pressure perturbation and brine migration in deep rock formations, which may have a significant influence on the regional groundwater system. With the help of parallel computing techniques, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale numerical simulation of CO₂ geologic storage that predicts not only CO₂ migration, but also its impact on regional groundwater flow. As a case study, a hypothetical industrial-scale CO₂ injection in Tokyo Bay, which is surrounded by the most heavily industrialized area in Japan, was considered, and the impact of CO₂ injection on near-surface aquifers was investigated, assuming relatively high seal-layer permeability (higher than 10 microdarcy). A regional hydrogeological model with an area of about 60 km × 70 km around Tokyo Bay was discretized into about 10 million gridblocks. To solve the high-resolution model efficiently, we used a parallelized multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N on a world-class high performance supercomputer in Japan, the Earth Simulator. In this simulation, CO₂ was injected into a storage aquifer at about 1 km depth under Tokyo Bay from 10 wells, at a total rate of 10 million tons/year for 100 years. Through the model, we can examine regional groundwater pressure buildup and groundwater migration to the land surface. The results suggest that even if containment of CO₂ plume is ensured, pressure buildup on the order of a few bars can occur in the shallow confined aquifers over extensive regions, including urban inlands.     

基于模糊综合分析法的引调水工程水质响应关系分析

为提升引调水工程的环境改善效果,须对水体的自身连通水平、水质现状、水环境主要影响因子进行分析。以太湖流域跃进联圩为研究对象,利用图论连通度理论对研究区域静态基流连通性进行评价,探索圩内水系连通性的空间差异及变化特性。同时,开展短期引调水实验,结合模糊综合分析法评价引调水带来的圩内水质变化情况及规律,研究圩内水环境和水系连通性的响应关系。结果表明,模糊综合评价法在引调水环境改善分析中具有适用性,可实现对圩内各监测点位水质变化的全面分析;水体流动性是影响圩区内水质的重要环境因素,高锰酸盐指数是导致圩内水质恶化的主要影响因子。引调水工程对圩区水环境具有一定的持续改善性作用,但对基流连通性较差的区域,改善效果有限。     

近年来三江平原生态环境变化研究

文章以县（市）为研究单元,基于2004年和2010年的遥感监测数据和调查数据,运用生态综合指数法,从生态环境状况、土地利用／覆被、生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、环境质量6方面分析三江平原生态环境的变化并探究驱动力。结果显示：（1）三江平原各县（市）生态环境指数变化量为-0．50～2．48,属于无明显变化和略有变化两个级别,其中友谊县生态环境略微变好,其余县（市）生态环境状况无明显变化。（2）三江平原林地、草地、沼泽地面积仍在减少,旱地改水田现象增加,水田面积大幅度增加。土地覆被类型变化的差异使得各县（市）生态环境走向存在差异。（3）水资源量增加是三江平原生态环境状况趋好的主要原因。（4）COD年排放量的变化决定三江平原各县（市）环境污染负荷的增减。