基于三维空气质量模型的淄博市臭氧及前体物来源解析

基于WRF-CMAQ模型中的ISAM模块对2021年6月淄博市夏季O₃及其前体物NO₂和VOCs进行来源解析,明确O₃及其前体物的来源(区域和源类),并将O₃日最大8 h平均值(MDA8)高于(低于)160μg·m^-3的时段划分为污染(清洁)时段,对比了清洁天与污染天的来源差别并选取了典型污染时段进行来源解析和过程分析.结果表明,淄博市夏季NO₂主要来自本地排放,贡献率达45.1%,道路移动源(33.8%)和天然源(20.7%)是最主要的本地NO₂来源.天然源、溶剂源和石化行业对VOCs的贡献占据主导地位,总贡献达78.5%.MDA8的本地贡献是21.4%,区域外传输(32%)和周边城市(26.8%)影响不可忽略.在本地排放源中,道路移动源、电力行业和建材行业对本地MDA8贡献率在10.9%～18.8%.O₃污染天时淄博市MDA8受本地贡献及区域内各城市贡献总和均有所上升.但从淄博市本地源类贡献的变化来看,在不同...     

华北平原典型城市(石家庄)地下水重金属污染源解析与健康风险评价

地下水重金属污染已引起全球的广泛关注,重金属来源解析及其健康风险评估将为地下水中重金属污染的精准防控提供数据和方法支撑.因此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄作为研究区,筛选20个样点,利用APCS-MLR模型和健康风险模型解析评估了石家庄市地下水中10种重金属的污染源及其健康风险.结果表明：①石家庄市地下水中典型重金属的浓度均值排序为：Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Al>Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg,其中ρ（Fe）和ρ（Pb）的均值分别为260.3 μg ·L^-1和10.01 μg ·L^-1;根据单因子和内梅罗指数,Pb、Fe和Cd是石家庄市地下水主要的污染重金属;②重金属浓度范围为47.30~2560 μg ·L^-1;就空间分布而言,重金属浓度在S3处最高（2560 μg ·L^-1）,而在S9处最低（47.30 μg ·L^-1）;③污染源解析结果表明：工农业活动、交通排放和地质背景是石家庄市地下水中重金属的3个主要来源,其中工农业活动对重金属的累积贡献率最大（47.83%）;④除工农业活动来源的重金属对成人造成潜在威胁（HI>1）外,其余来源的重金属对成人和儿童造成的非致癌风险均处于可接受水平（HI<1）,而致癌风险对成人和儿童均存在潜在威胁;工农业活动是非致癌风险（成人：52.46%,儿童：52.45%）和致癌风险（成人：65.22%,儿童：65.69%）的主要贡献者,其中Cd和As的致癌风险较高.因此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需严格控制污染来源,进一步加强地下水中重金属污染的风险管控.     

冰核对华北平原地区积云发展的影响

利用包括双参数化微物理方案的云分辨的WRF模式（简称CR-WRF）,对2014年8月24日发生在华北平原地区的一次积云过程进行了数值模拟。CR-WRF模式比较全面地考虑了气溶胶粒子的活化过程,对不同气溶胶的不同核化方案进行了参数化,包括云凝结核（CCN）的核化、冰核（IN）的均质和异质核化等,令其浓度分为HCCN,MCCN和LCCN三个等级,分别对应数密度为 9000 cm^?3,900 cm^?3和90 cm^?3的情况下,考虑黑碳气溶胶（BC）作为IN,将其数浓度从2 cm^?3增加至 2000 cm^?3,并且在CCN浓度不变的情况下,通过改变BC的浓度探讨积云微物理过程对IN的响应。模拟结果表明：在LCCN条件下,BC浓度很低的时候冰晶数浓度大于HCCN情况下的冰晶浓度。随着BC浓度的不断增加,冰晶粒子数浓度在HCCN条件下迅速增长,并超过了LCCN和MCCN情况下的冰晶数浓度。这是由于LCCN条件下,BC浓度较低时云内过饱和水汽含量高于HCCN情况下的含量,从而形成了较多的冰晶粒子;而随着BC浓度的不断增加,在HCCN条件下的上升气流逐渐大于LCCN条件下的上升气流,因此在HCCN条件下的冰晶得以迅速增长。随着BC浓度的增长,云滴数浓度没有明显的变化;而云滴有效半径呈现出随BC浓度的增长而减小的趋势。这是由于BC对云滴粒子的形成没有较大贡献,随着BC的增加云内上升气流增强,导致云滴粒子有效半径减小。此外,对流中心上升速度随BC浓度的增长而增长;与此同时,下沉速度在LCCN情况下随BC浓度的增长而增长,在HCCN和MCCN情况下则随BC浓度的增长而减小。由此得出以下结论：在LCCN条件下由于云滴粒子的核化过程较低,因此对冰晶的异质核化过程提供了足够的水汽,使得在BC浓度很低的情况下冰晶数浓度大于HCCN和MCCN的条件。由于相变过程会不断地释放潜热,使云内对流中心上升气流增大,下沉气流减弱,并产生更多粒径较小的云滴粒子,从而起到抑制降水发生的作用。     

基于人工神经网络多源数据融合的子像元冬油菜提取——以两湖平原为例

油菜是我国第五大农作物和重要的油料作物。获取油菜的种植分布信息对食用油市场的发展和粮食安全具有重要意义。两湖平原泛指包括湖北江汉平原和湖南洞庭湖平原在内的广大平原区域,是我国重要的粮棉油生产基地,“湖广熟,天下足”指的就是这一地区。由于耕地破碎,种植结构复杂,两湖平原轮作和间作的现象非常普遍,传统的遥感监测方法难以准确地获取冬油菜的空间分布。本文提出了一种基于人工神经网络ANN的子像元冬油菜提取方法,将时间序列MODIS-EVI和GF-1数据结合以提取两湖平原的冬油菜丰度信息。首先采用顺序前向选择SFS算法从时间序列MODIS-EVI数据集中进行物候特征优选;然后构建融合多源数据的ANN模型估算两湖平原的冬油菜丰度。结果表明：基于ANN方法获取的冬油菜分布具有较高的精度（ANN估算结果与GF-1和统计数据的验证精度分别为91.54%和74.70%）,在利用中分辨率影像进行大尺度冬油菜精细制图方面显示出巨大潜力,可为我国冬油菜的空间分布制图和时空格局分析提供技术方法。     

土壤微生物群落对玉米根茬和茎叶残体碳的利用特征

以沈阳农业大学连续29a棕壤长期定位施肥试验为基础,以¹³C标记的玉米植株为试验试材,采用田间原位培养方法和磷脂脂肪酸-稳定同位素示踪联用（PLFA-SIP）技术,研究土壤不同粒级团聚体中微生物群落对残体碳的同化状况,及土壤有机碳的固定这一关键生物地球化学过程.结果表明：植物残体添加显著增加了全土及各粒级团聚体中各微生物群落PLFAs含量,其中以真菌PLFAs含量增幅最高,细菌中以革兰氏阴性菌含量增幅最高;但不同残体类型并未对全土中各群落PLFAs含量产生显著影响.茎叶碳与根茬碳的矿化率无显著差异;根茬碳对总PLFAs碳库的贡献是茎叶碳的3.9倍,说明根茬碳更有利于通过微生物合成的方式贡献于土壤有机碳库.残体碳占不同微生物群落PLFAs碳库的比例以真菌最高,表明真菌对植物残体碳具有最强的同化能力;而残体碳对PLFAs的贡献在革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌之间却差异不大.残体碳含量、PLFAs含量和残体碳占微生物PLFAs碳库的比例均在较小粒级的团聚体中（0.25~1mm和<0.25mm）更高,而细菌/真菌比在较大粒级团聚体（>2mm和1~2mm）中更高,说明较小粒级团聚体已经成为微生物对残体进行同化固定的主要位点.植物残体在土壤中的腐解过程与残体类型、土壤团聚体组成和微生物群落密切相关.     

华北南部冬季大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度变化

2018年1月华北平原经历了一段持续时间久、影响范围广和颗粒物浓度高的重污染时期.本研究通过SMPS+E扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪,选取华北平原南部某郊区点位,对此次重污染期间颗粒物数浓度粒径分布演化进行连续观测研究.结果表明,观测期间环境空气质量尤其是PM_2.5平均浓度为141.32 μg/m³.大气亚微米颗粒物数浓度主要集中在核模态和爱根核模态的超细粒径段（78.9%）,呈递减型单峰分布,颗粒物平均数浓度为83174cm^-3.重污染天时,核模态颗粒物数浓度明显增高,对应低风速（1.5±0.4）m/s、高相对湿度（90.8±4.5）%和低O₃浓度（15.8±8.3）μg/m³.48h后向轨迹显示,观测点位气溶胶主要受湖北省、陕西省和山西省临近省份的传输影响.潜在源贡献因子法和浓度权重轨迹表明,气溶胶潜在源区主要为本地源和观测点位以北的区域.     

3种腐熟剂促进玉米秸秆快速腐解特征

为筛选出适宜东北寒冷区快速腐解秸秆的腐熟剂,通过网袋腐解试验明确施入3种秸秆腐熟剂对玉米秸秆生物量及养分释放的影响。结果显示：经过100 d的腐解,玉米秸秆生物量失重率随着时间的延长逐渐增加,玉米秸秆失重率为57.1%-64.1%,其中以施用3号秸秆腐熟剂的玉米秸秆生物量失重率最高,为64.1%。施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.1%-57.2%、44.2%-59.6%、77.4%-89.7%,其中以3号腐熟剂的秸秆磷、钾素释放率最高。各处理有机碳矿化率呈相同的趋势,均随时间的延长逐渐增加,取样末期有机碳矿化率在65.3%-69.1%之间,且各处理间差异不明显。综上,以3号秸秆腐熟剂腐解秸秆的效果最好。     

基于GIS的黄淮海平原旱情监测研究

基于ＧＩＳ技术,提出了用集遥感图像、图形、数据为一体的作物缺水指数模型监测黄淮海平原旱灾的方法。实时监测结果表明：该方法速度快、精度高,从点到面各种形式的黄淮海平原旱情分布结果均与实际吻合,基本上达到了实时监测旱情的目的。     

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Abstract

Objective: The introduction of integrated safety technologies in new car models calls for an improved understanding of the human occupant response in precrash situations. The aim of this article is to extensively study occupant muscle activation in vehicle maneuvers potentially occurring in precrash situations with different seat belt configurations.

Methods: Front seat male passengers wearing a 3-point seat belt with either standard or pre-pretensioning functionality were exposed to multiple autonomously carried out lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers while traveling at 73?km/h. This article focuses on muscle activation data (surface electromyography [EMG] normalized using maximum voluntary contraction [MVC] data) obtained from 38 muscles in the neck, upper extremities, the torso, and lower extremities. The raw EMG data were filtered, rectified, and smoothed. All muscle activations were presented in corridors of mean?±?one standard deviation. Separate Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed on volunteers’ muscle activation onset and amplitude considering 2 paired samples with the belt configuration as an independent factor.

Results: In normal driving conditions prior to any of the evasive maneuvers, activity levels were low (<2% MVC) in all muscles except for the lumbar extensors (3–5.5% MVC). During the lane change maneuver, selective muscles were activated and these activations restricted the sideway motions due to inertial loading. Averaged muscle activity, predominantly in the neck, lumbar extensor, and abdominal muscles, increased up to 24% MVC soon after the vehicle accelerated in lateral direction for all volunteers. Differences in activation time and amplitude between muscles in the right and left sides of the body were observed relative to the vehicle’s lateral motion. For specific muscles, lane changes with the pre-pretensioner belt were associated with earlier muscle activation onsets and significantly smaller activation amplitudes than for the standard belt (P?<?.05).

Conclusions: Applying a pre-pretensioner belt affected muscle activations; that is, amplitude and onset time. The present muscle activation data complement the results in a preceding publication, the volunteers’ kinematics and the boundary conditions from the same data set. An effect of belt configuration was also seen on previously published volunteers’ kinematics with lower lateral and forward displacements for head and upper torso using the pre-pretensioner belt versus the standard belt. The data provided in this article can be used for validation and further improvement of active human body models with active musculature in both sagittal and lateral loading scenarios intended for simulation of some evasive maneuvers that potentially occur prior to a crash.     

Modelling the impact of thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms and crop system on the dynamics of organic matter in a tropical soil under a climate change scenario

No consensus currently exists about how climate change should affect the status of soil organic matter (SOM) in the tropics. In this study, we analyse the impact of climate change on the underlying mechanisms controlling SOM dynamics in a ferralsol under two contrasting tropical crops: maize (C4 plant) and banana (C3 plant). We model the effect of microbial thermal adaptation on carbon (C) mineralisation at the crop system scale and introduce it in the model STICS, which was previously calibrated for the soil-crop systems tested in this study. Microbial thermal adaptation modelling is based on a reported theory for thermal acclimation of plant and soil respiration. The climate is simulated from 1950 to 2099 for the tropical humid conditions of Guadeloupe (French Antilles), using the ARPEGE model and the IPCC emission scenario A1B. The model predicts increases of 3.4 °C for air temperature and 1100 mm yr⁻¹ for rainfall as a response to an increase of 375 ppm for atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in the 2090-2099 decade compared with the 1950-1959 decade. The results of the STICS model indicate that the crop affects the response of SOM to climate change by controlling the change in several variables involved in C dynamics: C input, soil temperature and soil moisture. SOM content varies little until 2020, and then it decreases faster for maize than for banana. The decrease is weakened under the hypothesis of thermal adaptation, and this effect is greater for maize (−180 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ without adaptation and −140 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with adaptation) than for banana (−60 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and −40 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The greater SOM loss in maize is mainly due to the negative effect of warming on maize growth decreasing C input from residues. Climate change has a small effect on banana growth, and SOM loss is linked to its effect on C mineralisation. For both crops, annual C mineralisation increases until 2040, and then it decreases continuously. Thermal adaptation reduces the initial increase in mineralisation, but its effect is lower on the final decrease, which is mainly controlled by substrate limitation. No stabilisation in SOM status is attained at the end of the analysed period because C mineralisation is always greater than C input. Model predictions indicate that microbial thermal adaptation modifies, but does not fundamentally change the temporal pattern of SOM dynamics. The vegetation type (C3 or C4) plays a major role in SOM dynamics in this tropical soil because of the different impact of climate change on crop growth and then on C inputs.