豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值研究

长期缺少豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值数据,很多学者不得不用河南省土壤或中国潮土元素背景值作为标准评价重金属污染.那么,豫境黄淮海平原土壤重金属背景值与河南省土壤、中国潮土是否存在差异？平原内部是否存在重金属背景值的空间差异？这是影响评价结果可靠性的关键,需要开展研究.采用10 km×10 km网格法,在研究区沙河干流以南(南区)和以北(北区)分别采集土壤表层样品336份和561份.用电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法(ICP-MS)测定样品Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni含量,用原子荧光光度法(AFS)法测定样品Hg、As含量.在重金属含量异常值剔除和数据分布检验基础上,分别确定南区和北区重金属背景值.结果表明,南区土壤Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn和Ni背景值分别为0.066、4.11、0.130、56.72、20.97、23.31、59.21和24.03 mg·kg^-1,北区上述重金属的背景值分别为0.061、7.45、0.129、51.92、18.96、22.72、66.96和27.16 mg·kg^-1.北区土壤As、Zn和Ni背...     

一起带状屑割伤车工双腿事故的原因及预防措施

利用安全系统工程学中事故树分析法对带状屑割伤车工双腿事故进行了分析 ,并提出了防止事故发生的预防措施。     

Al~(3+)和阳离子型表面活性剂复合污染对玉米幼苗的影响

研究了阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)和Al3+ 共存 ,对玉米幼苗保护酶及叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率等的影响。结果表明 :CTAB能加剧Al3+ 对玉米幼苗的毒害作用。具体表现为使幼苗超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高 ,过氧化氢酶活性下降 ,超氧阴离子产生速率增大 ,脂质过氧化作用加剧 ,质膜透性上升 ,而叶绿素含量下降。当CTAB浓度在临界胶束浓度以上时 ,光合速率及蒸腾速率急剧降低     

江汉平原建设用地扩张的时空特征与驱动力分析

建设用地的迅速扩张已经成为当前中国土地利用变化的主要特征。以中国科学院土地利用数据库（基于1995、2000和2005TM影像）为基础,利用GIS空间叠加分析和缓冲区分析技术,提取建设用地变化及其空间分布信息,运用建设用地扩张速度和强度指数对江汉平原1995～2005年10 a来建设用地扩张的时空特征进行了研究。在此基础上,结合各县市的社会经济等信息,运用灰色关联分析,对建设用地扩张的驱动力进行探讨。结果显示：总体上江汉平原建设用地扩张速度呈现增大趋势,但各县市之间扩张差异显著;各县市建设用地扩张分布上呈现组团状特点;沿交通线扩张的特征较为突出,尤其是后一阶段增幅高于前一阶段,沿江扩张增幅明显;总人口的增长是江汉平原建设用地扩张最主要的驱动力;交通条件改善、经济发展与区域建设用地扩张也有明显的相关关系     

Spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haihe Plain, China

A dynamic fugacity model was developed to simulate the spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in Haihe Plain, China. The calculated and measured concentrations exhibited good consistency in magnitude with deviations within a factor of 4 in air and 2 in soil. The spatial distributions of PAHs in air were mainly controlled by emission while the seasonal variations were dominated by emission and gas-particle partition. In soil, the spatial distributions of PAHs were controlled by the soil organic carbon content while the seasonal variations were insignificant. The severest soil contamination was observed in Shanxi and followed by the southwest of Hebei province. Transfer fluxes of total PAHs between air and soil were calculated. The spatial distribution of air-to-soil flux was closely related to the landcover while the soil-to-air flux changed with soil organic matter content. Monte Carlo simulation was done to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated results in air.     

成都平原西部土壤汞异常来源研究

四川唐昌地区是成都平原上典型的土壤汞含量高异常区。为研究汞异常来源,在该地区开展了多剖面地气测量,工作区面积约4 km2,布置了5条测量剖面,共121个测点,点距30 m。利用地气采样器积累式收集地气样品,采样时间为45 d,通过中子活化分析技术测试了地气样品中10余种元素。地气中As、Au、Fe、La、Sm等多个元素出现规律性异常分布,反映出该地区隐伏断裂的具体位置,断裂走向为NE 40°,宽度90～120 m。用ICP MS分析断裂上方收集的地气样品,发现含有微量的汞。成都平原西部汞异常区的分布趋势与隐伏断裂走向一致,且位置重合;而来自地下深部的汞能够随地气迁移至地表;隐伏断裂为地气迁移提供了有利通道,成为地表土壤汞异常的重要来源。成都平原西部汞异常是地球自身作用造成的.     

Arsenic in North Carolina: public health implications

Arsenic is a known human carcinogen and relevant environmental contaminant in drinking water systems. We set out to comprehensively examine statewide arsenic trends and identify areas of public health concern. Specifically, arsenic trends in North Carolina private wells were evaluated over an eleven-year period using the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services database for private domestic well waters. We geocoded over 63,000 domestic well measurements by applying a novel geocoding algorithm and error validation scheme. Arsenic measurements and geographical coordinates for database entries were mapped using Geographic Information System techniques. Furthermore, we employed a Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) geostatistical framework, which accounts for geocoding error to better estimate arsenic values across the state and identify trends for unmonitored locations. Of the approximately 63,000 monitored wells, 7712 showed detectable arsenic concentrations that ranged between 1 and 806 μg/L. Additionally, 1436 well samples exceeded the EPA drinking water standard. We reveal counties of concern and demonstrate a historical pattern of elevated arsenic in some counties, particularly those located along the Carolina terrane (Carolina slate belt). We analyzed these data in the context of populations using private well water and identify counties for targeted monitoring, such as Stanly and Union Counties. By spatiotemporally mapping these data, our BME estimate revealed arsenic trends at unmonitored locations within counties and better predicted well concentrations when compared to the classical kriging method. This study reveals relevant information on the location of arsenic-contaminated private domestic wells in North Carolina and indicates potential areas at increased risk for adverse health outcomes.     

乌东德水库坝前段消落带生态类型划分及生态修复模式初探

采用GIS技术,根据高程、坡度、土壤类型等环境特征,将乌东德水库坝前段消落带分为18种生态类型,并完成了高程图、坡度图和土壤类型图,建立了环境特征和消落带类型的直观联系。然后根据不同的生态类型,提出了4种生态修复模式,并选择了10种植物作为生态修复物种。为其它水库消落带生态修复提供了参考依据。     

江汉平原农地保护的外部效益研究

农地保护外部效益的货币化计量可为缓解我国农地流失形势,制定及实施农地生态保护政策,探寻农地保护和经济发展的均衡点提供理论及决策依据。运用条件价值评估法估算江汉平原农地保护的外部效益,研究表明：①随着农地保护意识的增强,受访居民已意识到农地外部效益的存在,8550%的受访居民对农地有正的支付意愿;受访居民的性别、年龄、家庭人口(老年人口、参加工作人口)、经济状况(土地面积、月生活开支、职业)等特征对支付意愿有显著影响。②江汉平原农地保护的年均总支付意愿达2805×108元,折合单位农地的保护效益为48 658元/hm2;区内现有农地目前无法通过市场价格表现的外部效益约1 24682×108元,具有无法忽略的重要地位。     

基于APSIM模型的春玉米生育期旱灾损失敏感性定量分析

作物不同生育期旱灾损失敏感性研究对于提高农业干旱监测准确率、采取合理的农业抗旱减灾措施等有重要意义.干旱发生时,农业用水被压缩,充分利用当前可用灌溉水量以取得较好的作物产量效益是农业抗旱减灾中的重点.目前已有研究大多从水分胁迫试验出发,分析不同干旱胁迫对作物产量的影响,定性分析作物各生育期旱灾损失敏感性.由于农田试验样...