兰州市大气降尘中正构烷烃的分布特征及源解析

采集了2005年春季兰州市不同功能区大气降尘样品,采用气相色谱/质谱法测定样品中的正构烷烃。结果表明,降尘中正构烷烃主要有2种类型,一种是后峰型,以C29为主峰碳,大于C25正构烷烃具有明显的奇偶优势,碳优势指数(CPI)为1.25~1.40;另一种是双峰型,分别以C29,C20,C19,C15为主峰碳,在C25或C27后有明显的奇碳数优势,CPI为1.26~2.35。研究区内不同区域降尘中正构烷烃分布有明显的变化,相对清洁区正构烷烃分布为后峰型,主要来源于燃煤、高等植物的不完全燃烧。工业区、商业区、商业居民混合区正构烷烃分布属于双峰型,既有高等植物蜡的输入,也有汽车尾气、石油化工的输入,且人为源的贡献较大。     

青岛市环境空气中VOCs的污染特征及化学反应活性

利用2012年青岛市挥发性有机物(VOCs)监测数据,系统分析了VOCs的污染特征、来源和化学反应活性。结果表明,青岛市VOCs浓度处于较低水平,且烷烃是VOCs的主要组分,占60%以上。夏、秋季的VOCs浓度高于春、冬季,且9月的浓度高于其他月份,日变化呈现"两峰一谷"趋势,与交通早晚高峰对应。VOCs各组分均表现出周末效应,说明机动车源和工业源的重要影响,优势物种的相关性分析进一步证明了这一点。对比各组分的OH消耗速率,得出烯烃的臭氧生成贡献高于烷烃和芳香烃,控制机动车尾气、溶剂挥发、化石工业等VOCs排放源将有利于降低大气中的臭氧浓度。     

农产品产地土壤重金属外源污染来源解析及防控策略研究

分析了工业生产排放、污水灌溉、矿产资源开发、农业投入品施用、大气颗粒物降尘及固体废弃物堆放等农产品产地土壤重金属主要外源污染来源,在此基础上构建了包括工业过程源、固定燃烧源、灌溉水源、废弃物堆放源、流动源和农业投入品源的来源清单,并从建立健全源头预防和强化过程控制2个方面,提出了加强农产品产地土壤重金属污染监管的相关建议。     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methylnaphthalene were investigated in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Total PAH concentrations, excluding perylene, ranged from 107 to 1707 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the Huangpu River were higher than those of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentration of the Suzhou River was close to the average concentration of the Huangpu River. PAHs source analysis suggested that, in the Yangtze Estuary, PAHs at locations far away from cities were mainly from petrogenic sources. At other locations, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. In the Huangpu and Suzhou Rivers, pyrogenic input outweighed other sources. The pyrogenic PAHs in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River were mainly from the incomplete combustion of grass, wood and coal, and those in the middle and lower reaches were from vehicle and vessel exhaust.     

冬季水网藻对源水水质的净化作用

为保护源水水质,控制水质富营养化,利用水网藻来以藻治藻。中试结果表明,水网藻在冬季仍能正常生长,但生长速度下降,这与气候有密切关系。与对照测点比较,网袋内氨氮、生化需氧量和总磷的浓度分别下降了15.6％、28.6％和7.5％,水网藻在冬季仍可作为净化水源水质的一项生态工程措施。藻类的演替,与光照、水温和氮磷比等环境因素有关,由于这些因素难以控制,只能因地制宜,利用现有的种类净化水质。     

Application of the health risk assessment of acetochlor in the development of water quality criteria

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide in agricultural production. Studies have shown that acetochlor has obvious environmental hormone effects, and long-term exposure may pose a threat to human health. To quantify the hazards of acetochlor in drinking water, a health risk assessment of acetochlor was conducted in major cities of China based on the data of acetochlor residue concentrations in drinking water. The approach of the Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) method is used to extrapolate from animal testing data to reflect worst case human toxicity. Results show that hazard quotients related to acetochlor residues in drinking water for different age groups range from 1.94 × 10^?4 to 6.13 × 10^?4, so, there are no indication of human risk. Compared to the total estimated hazard quotient from oral intake of acetochlor, the chronic exposure imputed to acetochlor residues in drinking water in China accounts for 0.4%. This paper recommends 0.02 mg/L to be the maximum acetochlor residue concentration level in drinking water and source water criteria.     

应用悬浮填料预处理微污染原水的影响因素探讨

对采用悬浮填料的生物接触氧化原水预处理技术的影响因素进行了探讨。分析了自然挂膜条件下的工艺启动过程，研究了停留时间、气水比、温度、浊度条件对污染物去除效果的影响。通过夏、秋、冬季的中试运行效果表明：停留时间为60min，生物预处理装置对污染物的去除具有较好的效果；温度低于8.5℃，对氨氮去除效果影响较大；浊度对本工艺运行影响不大；气水比为0.375，足够满足生物预处理的运行。     

青岛大气颗粒物的扫描电镜研究和污染源识别

应用扫描电镜－X射线能谱对青岛市大气颗粒物定性分析。单个颗粒物分析和多个颗粒物复合分析的结果,为污染源识别和相对重要性的估计提供了重要信息:青岛市大气颗粒物的来源,主要有土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰、硫酸钙和其他硫酸盐类的二次颗粒物、有机物质颗粒物、天然海盐、工业钡盐与其他类型的工业排放。      

Source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface sediments from lakes in Jiangsu Province, China: Comparison of three receptor models

Receptor models have been proved as useful tools to identify source categories and quantitatively calculate the contributions of extracted sources.In this study,sixty surface sediment samples were collected from fourteen lakes in Jiangsu Province,China.The total concentrations of C_4–C_(14)-perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(∑_(12)PFASs) in sediments ranged from 0.264 to 4.44 ng/g dw(dry weight),with an average of 1.76 ng/g dw.Three commonly-applied receptor models,namely principal component analysis-multiple linear regression(PCA-MLR),positive matrix factorization(PMF) and Unmix models,were employed to apportion PFAS sources in sediments.Overall,these three models all could well track the ∑_(12) PFASs concentrations as well as the concentrations explained in sediments.These three models identified consistently four PFAS sources:the textile treatment sources,the fluoropolymer processing aid/fluororesin coating sources,the textile treatment/metal plating sources and the precious metal sources,contributing 28.1%,37.0%,29.7% and 5.3% by PCA-MLR model,30.60%,39.3%,22.4% and 7.7% by PMF model,and 20.6%,52.4%,20.2% and 6.8% by Unmix model to the ∑_(12) PFASs,respectively.Comparative statistics of multiple analytical methods could minimize individual-method weaknesses and provide convergent results to enhance the persuasiveness of the conclusions.The findings could give us a better knowledge of PFAS sources in aquatic environments.     

Assessment of sources and transformation of nitrate in the alluvial-pluvial fan region of north China using a multi-isotope approach

A multi-isotope approach and mixing model were combined to identify spatial and seasonal variations of sources,and their proportional contribution to nitrate in the Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan region.The results showed that the NO_3~- concentration was significantly higher in the Hutuo River valley plain(178.7 mg/L) region than that in the upper and central pluvial fans of the Hutuo River(82.1 mg/L and 71.0 mg/L,respectively)and in the river(17.0 mg/L).Different land use types had no significant effect on the groundwater nitrate concentration.Based on a multi-isotope approach,we confirmed that the main sources of groundwater nitrate in different land use areas were domestic sewage and manure,followed by soil nitrogen,ammonia fertilizer,nitrate fertilizer and rainwater,and there were no significant spatial or seasonal variations.Combining δ~(15)N-NO_3,δ~(18)O-NO_3~- and δ~(37)Cl results can increase the accuracy of traceability.Nitrification could be the most important nitrogen migration and transformation process,and denitrification did not significantly affected the isotopic composition of the nitrate.The SIAR model outputs revealed that the main nitrate pollution sources in groundwater and river water were domestic sewage and manure,accounting for 55.9%-61.0% and 22.6%(dry season),50.3%-60.4% and 34.1%(transition season),42.7%-47.6% and 35.6%(wet season 2016) and 45.9%-46.7% and 38.4%(wet season 2017),respectively.This work suggests that the random discharge and disposal of domestic sewage and manure should be the first target for control in order to prevent further nitrate contamination of the water environment.