大通湖主要污染物浓度空间分布及其污染来源解析

为了解大通湖主要污染物TN、TP和NH3-N的空间分布特征及污染来源,于2017年9月对大通湖及周边河流进行采样分析。结果表明,大通湖周边入湖河流的ρ(TN)为0. 74～2. 18 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 094～0. 874 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0. 02～0. 243 mg/L;湖体ρ(TN)为0. 82～1. 47 mg/L,呈现湖体中间低、四周高的特征,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 14～0. 42 mg/L,但整体差异较大,高值区主要在大通湖西南及东部,ρ(TP)为0. 160～0. 289 mg/L,水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类,TP为湖体的主要污染物,湖体的ρ(TP)变化呈现出从四周向中部增加的趋势,高值区主要集中在大通湖正南及湖心处;根据2016年大通湖区域污染源统计及入湖污染物计算,大通湖水环境的TP污染负荷大小排序为农田径流畜禽养殖生活污水工业污染网箱养鱼旅游服务。     

城市绿地系统建设的生态对策——以长春市为例

绿色空间是所有城市实现可持续发展的物质载体和市民接触自然的主要场所。几乎所有城市不同程度地存在着绿地被挤占、破坏、污染严重等各种问题。以长春市为例,提出了大城市进行绿地系统建设的总量控制、构建经色空间网络体系等生态对策,并针对大城市内部用地紧张的矛盾,探讨了市区内部的绿化用地潜力。     

甘肃河西地区土地荒漠化的现状、成因及其防治

甘肃省河西地区是我国荒漠化发生最重要的地区之一,其荒漠化主要类型有风蚀漠化、水蚀荒漠化和土壤盐渍化。全区现有各类荒漠化土地21．3万km^2,其中分布最广泛的沙质荒漠化土有17．59万km^2。荒漠化对当地居民的社会经济生活带来了多方面的危害。河西地区荒漠化的形成有其自然和人为两方面的原因;河西地区自然条件恶劣,干旱、风大、沙多、植被稀疏;以及生产实践中、水、土、植被资源等缺乏科学、合理的利用是引起荒漠化的主要原因。为了防治和轻减河西地区的荒漠化,提出了几点防治对策;首先是控制人口增长、提高人口素质;其次是调整产业结构,合理利用资源;第三是加大荒漠化防治的投入,尤其是防沙治沙中资金、科研、人才的投入,建设重点荒漠化防治项目,使河西地区最普遍的沙质荒漠化得到遏制;第四是加强管理,提高科学管理水平,加强执法力度。     

自制模拟样及留样复测的质控技术探讨

介绍了环境监测标准滤膜、标准滤筒、模拟降尘的制备方法、使用方法、实际效果。阐述了滤膜中铅、土壤样品、底泥（沉积物）、污水厂处理污泥等留样的来源、必要性及作用。探讨了滤膜中铅留样复测质控的评判依据。     

利用综合指标和一元分布拟合筛选重点污染源

首次将综合指标和数理统计一元分布拟合方法运用于重点污染源的筛选,通过筛选排污量离群单位来确定重点污染源.研究了污染物排放量的分布,污染源各污染物排放量之间的关系;在进行重点污染源的筛选时,针对污染源所处不同地理位置或不同排放去向,可造成不同危害程度的问题,采取了对污染源所处地理位置或排放去向进行加权的方法;针对当污染源排放多种污染物,多参数筛选难于综合考虑的问题,提出了采用综合参数进行筛选的方法.采用的重点污染源的筛选方法更具有理论依据和科学性.     

火电厂运煤系统抑尘控制因素探讨

火电厂运煤系统主要工艺过程包括卸煤、贮存、掺烧、煤输送到煤仓等。运煤系统设备及转运站扬尘污染严重,分析了污染发生的原因及解决办法,阐述了运煤系统的优化设计方案。     

Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain)

This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.     

Protection strategies for drinking groundwater sources in small Quebec municipalities

Awareness of groundwater protection has increased substantially in recent decades. In the Province of Quebec, Canada, the Groundwater Catchment Regulation (GWCR) was promulgated in 2002 to protect water quality in public wells. The goal of the present study was to document groundwater protection in the context of emerging regulations and identify factors explaining the propensity of municipalities applying protection strategies. Two types of information were used in this study: data from a questionnaire-based survey conducted among 665 municipalities in the Province of Quebec and complementary information gathered from various sources. Data from the survey revealed that fewer than half of the municipalities have been able to comply with the GWCR, mainly because of financial limitations. Also, close to half of the municipalities have either identified or are expecting land use conflicts to arise between protection areas required by the GWCR and other land usage, with agriculture being the main conflicting activity. Multivariate logistic regression models served to identify factors explaining the likelihood of municipalities to take groundwater protection measures. Those factors were municipality revenue, history of water contamination in distribution systems, land use near wellheads, location of municipalities within a provincial priority watershed and the importance of groundwater use in a region. Results of the study may prove helpful for government authorities in better understanding the groundwater protection issue and in implementing strategies that improve the ability of municipalities to protect groundwater.     

新型除磷混凝剂的研制与应用＊

实验以处理金属表面所产生的磷化废水为研究对象,系统地分析了在新型混凝剂的使用过程中,pH值、温度、石灰投入量、沉降时间、助剂A等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,含磷量为18mg/L、COD为300mg/L、SS为150mg/L、pH值为5.7～6.5的废水,石灰投入量为300mg/L、沉降时间为10min左右、温度为25℃、pH值调节至9.0、加入5mL助剂A处理后,废水中磷含量为0.25～0.35mg/L、COD为80mg/L、SS为60mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。     

郯庐断裂带（安徽段）浅层地下水水化学特征、控制因素及水质评价

为研究郯庐断裂带（安徽段）地下水的水化学特征、控制因素和地下水质量.在郯庐断裂带周边的江淮波状平原区、沿江丘陵平原区和皖西山地共采集了86组地下水,综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比例分析、饱和指数、氯碱指数和熵权水质指数（EWQI）等方法,开展了地下水的水化学特征及控制因素研究,评价了地下水的质量.结果表明,郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水呈弱碱性,地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg和HCO₃-Na·Ca型为主.水岩相互作用控制地下水化学组分的形成,硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化作用控制了地下水化学组分的形成.强烈的阳离子交替吸附作用是引起Na⁺富集的重要因素.研究区地下水整体质量较好,但受到一定程度人类活动的污染,江淮波状平原和沿江丘陵平原大部分地下水不适合直接饮用.研究结果对郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.