中国平板玻璃行业大气污染物排放特征研究

基于中国2013~2015年27个省（区、市）平板玻璃企业的逐生产线基础信息、活动水平及污染物控制技术等数据,建立了平板玻璃主要大气污染物SO₂、NO_x排放量计算方法和排放清单,使用蒙特卡洛法进行了不确定性分析.统计了平板玻璃产量、燃料使用量、燃料结构以及污染物控制技术,分析了排放特征与空间差异.结果表明：中国平板玻璃行业以天然气/煤气为主要燃料,平均单位产品能源消耗量为13.2kg标煤/重量箱,山西、内蒙古等省份较高;37%和42%的生产线分别安装了脱硫、脱硝设施,技术以烟气循环流化床、双碱法、SCR为主;SO₂排放量先升后降,2014年达到16.84万t,2015年下降至13.67万t,湖北、浙江、河北、广东排放量较大;NO_x排放量持续下降,从2013年的37.47万t下降至2015年的28.38万t,河北、湖北、山东、广东排放量较大;SO₂排放强度西南部地区高于其他地区,且有上升趋势,其他地区SO₂排放强度整体下降;NO_x排放强度中西部地区较高.应加强高能耗、高排放以及高强度地区的污染控制力度.     

中国突发水污染事件时空分布特征

收集我国2006~2016年间874起突发水污染事件数据,采用统计分析的方法,探讨中国近11年来突发水污染事件时空分布特征.结果表明：2006年事件频数最高（108次）,2007年水污染事故数骤减（62次）,此后至2016年,突发水污染事件频数大体上和GDP呈正相关上升趋势;事故频发期为3~9月,即春季和夏季为污染事件的高发季节;突发水污染事件空间分布分异较明显,华东、西南和华南三大地区事件频数占全国总频数的69.2%,事故发生地主要集中在重庆、广东、浙江和福建等省市;长江流域、珠江流域和浙闽片河流污染事件数量较为密集,占总数的74.4%;从2006、2011到2016年,环境污染事件的频发区域有着从北向南扩散转移的趋势,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和鄂渝地区事件频数较高;省级行政区的突发水污染事件的发生次数与人口、交通事故数、工业企业数和工业废水排放量等因子呈显著正相关关系,与单位工业企业数产出下的环保机构数、环保系统人员数和人大政协环境提案数呈负相关关系.     

基于PEI的我国环境与经济绩效评价

当前以GDP增长为主的地方政府绩效考核体系对环境保护等公共服务激励不足,导致地方政府的环境保护绩效不理想.在参考资源、环境和经济综合评价相关研究成果的基础上,采用GDP与污染物排放关联分析的方法,构建了PEI（pollution&economy index,污染与经济指标）,从环境代价和经济效益两个维度评价区域环境与经济发展的协调程度.以2007—2016年《中国统计年鉴》和《中国环境统计年鉴》数据为基础,通过计算GDP和污染物排放当量（COD_Cr、氨氮、SO₂、NO_x）,对我国30个省（市）区的环境与经济绩效（不含港澳台及西藏自治区的数据,下同）进行了分析与评价.结果表明,2006—2015年全国平均GDP与平均污染物排放当量的比值总体上呈上升趋势,多年平均增长率高达13.66%,我国的总体环境与经济效益有所改善.从PEI全国排名来看,PEI优于全国平均水平的省（市）区数量有所增加（由原来的9个增至12个）.2015年PEI排名前三位的依次为北京、上海和天津,而排名落后的3个省区依次为宁夏、新疆和甘肃.研究显示,PEI模型计算简单,可对不同发展阶段的省（市）区进行相对客观的评价,具有较高的稳定性和可操作性,对优化现有政府绩效考核指标具有重要的参考价值.      

基于空间回归模型的中国碳排放空间差异模拟

以中国碳排放数据库的多年分省碳排放数据为基础,选取植被指数NDVI、夜间灯光影像DMSP-OLS、生产总值、工业总产值和人口数5项指标,采用1 km×1 km格网,运用空间滞后回归模型对中国2000年和2013年的碳排放进行时空分布模拟,并对空间模拟结果进行误差分析及纠正,获得地均碳排放强度的空间分布图,以弥补传统碳排放统计空间展示效果差、空间分辨率低等缺陷.结果发现,中国碳排放的空间分布格局差异显著,地均碳排放强度分布呈现由东部地区向中西部地区逐渐递减的阶梯状区域分布差异,东部地区的碳排放高值聚集区域大致呈现面状聚集分布特征,区域之间碳排放的差异较小,西部省会城市、工矿城市与农村地区碳排放量差异显著.2013年的地均碳排放强度明显高于2000年,且高值区域的分布范围明显扩大,低值区域分布范围面积明显减少.     

Distribution and contamination of metals and biogenic elements in sediments from Zhifu Bay of the Yellow Sea, China

Metals and biogenic elements were analyzed from surface sediments of sixteen stations and a 32 cm core collected from Zhifu Bay in July 2009. High concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) reflected the high diatom productivity in the Bay. Meanwhile, total organic carbon (TOC) in Zhifu Bay was mainly from terrestrial sources. All metals were lower than the marine sediment quality guidelines. Based on the vertical profiles of biogenic elements, there was a clear increase of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) between 1985 and 2000. TN concentrations decreased after the start of the operation of the sewage treatment plant in 1998; however TOC and BSi remained at high levels. Metal concentrations showed a general increase from the bottom to the top of the core. Most anthropogenic metals reached a maximum during 1996 and 2000, and decreased after the startup of the sewage plant; however, they have increased again recently. The results from correlation analysis and principal component analysis show that industrial pollution is the main source of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination in Zhifu Bay, and Yantai Port and ship transportation also contribute a lot to Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb pollution.     

Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

基于层次分析法的中原经济区流域水系统健康评价

为了在水资源与水环境双重制约下制订人水和谐发展的政策提供决策支持,以我国中原经济区这一重点开发区域为例,基于层次分析法构建了以水系统自然条件、水系统服务功能及人类活动影响三要素(共计20项指标)为基础的流域水系统健康评价体系,并以2011年作为评价年,将中原经济区的水资源二级区作为基本流域单元对水系统健康状况进行评价. 结果表明:中原经济区9个水资源二级区中,除了淮河上游水资源二级区(3.20分,完全健康状态为5.00分)为基本健康状态、汉江水资源二级区(2.77分)和三门峡至花园口水资源二级区(2.18分)为亚健康状态以外,其余水资源二级区(0.55~1.77分)均为不健康及极不健康状态. 分析显示,人类活动影响是影响中原经济区内各流域水系统健康状况的主要原因,人口众多、工农业开发活动强度大使得其对水资源需求巨大. 部分水资源二级区对地下水资源依赖程度较高,造成不同程度的地下水超采现象. 伴随着高强度水资源利用的是水污染物的高强度排放,部分河流水污染状况严重,甚至在局部地区造成了地下水污染. 这种不健康的状态在中原经济区内由南向北随着水系统自然条件和水系统服务功能的降低呈加重趋势.      

2013年1月华北地区重霾污染过程SO2和NOx的CMAQ源同化模拟研究

以2006年中国地区的INTEX-B排放清单为基础,采用CMAQ模式污染源同化方法,反演更新了2013年1月重霾污染过程华北地区的SO₂和NO_x排放源;应用WRF-CMAQ模式以及2006年INTEX-B初始排放源和2013年1月改进的排放源,分别模拟了1月9-15日和28-31日两次持续重霾污染过程的SO₂和NO₂浓度,并与华北地区47个环境监测站点实测值进行对比,重点分析了基于初始源和同化反演源的模拟效果及其改进原因;本文亦采用2012年清华大学编制的东亚地区MEIC排放清单评估了SO₂和NO_x同化反演源的合理性.分析结果表明:①CMAQ模式污染源同化方法可适用于重霾污染过程,即采用同化反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度时空变化特征与实测值较一致,而且可反映SO₂、NO_x排放源强的动态变化特征;②基于同化反演源的SO₂、NO₂浓度模拟效果明显优于2006年INTEX-B排放源,其时间变化趋势与实测值较一致,而且可模拟重霾污染过程SO₂、NO₂浓度的峰值;③采用反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度空间区分布特征与实测值较一致,而且可较好反映重污染区的极值分布特征;④经污染源同化改进后SO₂、NO₂模拟浓度与实测值的相关系数有所提高,误差明显减小;SO₂的改进效果略优于NO₂,这与污染源对两种污染物浓度的影响差异有关;⑤初始源中SO₂、NO_x排放源的空间分布和强度与2012年清华大学编制的排放源强差异较大,而同化反演源的空间分布和强度均接近于上述2012年排放源,较好反映出重点地区的高污染源分布特征.本文研究结果将为改进重霾污染过程的空气质量预报、减小自下而上建立的排放源清单不确定性、评估SO₂、NO_x等排放源的影响效应以及不同气象条件下区域排放源的动态调控等提供新技术途径和研究思路.     

Conservation Assessment of Southern South American Freshwater Ecoregions on the Basis of the Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Crabs from the Genus Aegla

Abstract:  We assessed the conservation priority of 18 freshwater ecoregions in southern South America on the basis of Aegla (genus of freshwater crabs) genetic diversity and distribution. Geographical distributions for 66 Aegla species were taken from the literature and plotted against ecoregions and main river basins of southern South America. Species richness and number of threatened and endemic species were calculated for each area. To assess taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, we generated a molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequences for one nuclear (28S) and 4 mitochondrial (12S, 16S, COI, and COII) genes. All species richness and phylogenetic methods agreed, to a large extent, in their rankings of the importance of conservation areas, as indicated by the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ( p < 0.01); nonetheless, some of the lowest correlations were observed between taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity indices. The 5 ecoregions of the Laguna dos Patos Basin (Eastern Brazil), Central Chile, South Brazilian Coast, Chilean Lakes, and Subtropical Potamic Axis (northern Argentina and southern Uruguay and Paraguay) had the highest biodiversity scores. Conservation of these regions will preserve the largest number of species and the greatest amount of genetic diversity within the South American freshwater Aegla fauna. Biodiversity across rivers and within areas was heterogeneously distributed in the ecoregions of Upper Paraná, Ribeira do Iguape, Upper Uruguay, and South Brazilian Coast (i.e., one river showed significantly more biodiversity than any other river from the same ecoregion), but homogeneously distributed in the other ecoregions. Hence, conservation plans in the former regions will potentially require less effort than plans in the latter regions.