东海特定海区沉积物-水界面附近P释放的实验研究

以采自长江口外东海表层沉积物为对象，对不同类型的沉积物在模拟海水环境中进行了释P实验。研究表明，在静态条件下，沉积物释P量的高点出现在摇晃后10min左右，大约3h后基本趋于平衡。释P动力学可用Elovich公式与双常数速率公式进行拟合。最大释P量与沉积物的组成密切相关，以粉砂、粘土为主的沉积物释P量高，而砂质为主者释P量低。在释P实验中，铁磷(Fe-P)最为活跃，释放比例最高，其次是吸附态磷(Ad-P)和有机态磷(OP)。它们均属于生物可获得P的范畴。实验结果表明，在合适的水动力条件下，沉积物中的P可以迅速释放到水体．并影响水体的营养状杰和初级生产力。     

东南沿海陆相多旋回双模式火山岩

以闽东永泰地区为实例,具体阐述东南沿海陆相多旋回双模式火山岩及其区域性分布特点。早白垩世为主要形成期,与世界其它地区以太古代为主体有所不同。区内双模式火山岩为主元结构,Ⅰ旋回(下组合)为沉积岩——玄武岩——流纹质凝灰岩;Ⅱ旋回(上组合)为沉积岩——碱性玄武岩——流纹质凝灰岩;Ⅲ旋回为沉积岩——玄武岩——火山集块岩及钾长流纹岩,其形成的构造环境为活动大陆边缘板内拉张环境,岩浆结晶温度大约在970—1156℃,估算过渡岩浆房形成深度约3.5—5km。     

东北平原西部沙地的气候变异与土地荒漠化

东北平原西部沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘 ,为我国荒漠化土地的东缘。随着经济的发展 ,生态环境遭到严重破坏 ,荒漠化景观日益明显 ,前景令人堪忧。气候因素是荒漠化发展的一个基本因素 ,东北平原西部沙地是我国北方气候条件最好的沙区 ,但目前对于区域荒漠化驱动因子的气候因素影响方面的研究未开展系统的工作。论文系统分析了东北平原西部沙地影响荒漠化的现代气候因素特点 ,探讨了在较好气候条件下气候变异、人类活动与荒漠化之间的关系 ,并根据气候发展趋势预测了未来在自然因素作用下沙地的可能发展趋势。     

N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the North China Plain:the effect of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and organic manure

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＮｉｔｒｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅ (Ｎ2 Ｏ)ｉｓａｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｉｎｔｈｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ.ＩｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＮ2 ＯｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｔｈａｔＮ2 Ｏｇａｓｐｌａｙｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙａｎｄｏｚｏｎｅｌａｙｅｒｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ.Ｔｈｅｒａｄｉａｔｉｖ…     

我国灾害现代管理模式的构想

分析了世界多个国家的灾害应急管理模式、特点,讨论了我国灾害管理模式的现状及存在的问题,从立法、机构设置、应急机制和体系建设等方面提出了建设我国灾害现代应急管理模式的构想.     

中国综合减灾立法体系研究--兼论立项编研国家《综合减灾法》的重要问题探讨

本文阐述了建立《综合减灾法》的背景,探讨了《综合减灾法》的作用.在国外综合减灾立法的基础上,给出了中国《综合减灾法》的编研框架.     

中国城市地震灾害危险度评价

应用中国历史上发生的M≥4的6759条地震信息和2000年中国672个城市的有关信息,采用中国城市近源地震等效震级和城市地震灾害承灾体易损性指数CV,构建了中国城市地震灾害危险度指数W X,并编制了相应的分布图.研究表明:中国41.82%的城市历史上发生过≥4的近源地震.CV高值城市的分布与我国城市群、城市带的分布并不一致.华北地区、台湾岛地区是我国城市高危险度的高密集区,其次是福建广东沿海、云南省、新疆天山山脉等地区.WX值在3.0以上的37个城市应作为国家减轻地震灾害的重点城市.     

2003年我国十大极端天气气候事件

2003年我国极端天气气候事件及气象灾害发生较为频繁,特别是淮河流域特大洪水、南方持续的高温热浪及伏秋连旱,造成了严重影响.另外,低温阴雨、秋汛、台风、局地暴雨等也较为突出.本文利用我中心气候业务系统所得资料,对2003年我国极端天气气候事件作一综合评述.     

Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 in A Suburban Area in Korea During April, 2003

Airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations were measured in Iksan, a suburban area in South Korea during April, 2003. PM_2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and PM₁₀ (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) samples were collected, and the chemical characteristics of particles were examined for diurnal patterns, yellow dust/rainfall influences, and scavenging effects. Average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass measured were 37.3 ± 16.2 μg m⁻³ and 60.8 ± 29.5 μg m⁻³, respectively. The sum of ionic chemical species concentrations for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was 16.9 ± 7.3 and 23.1 ± 10.1 μg/m³, respectively. A significant reduction in PM mass concentrations during rainfall days was observed for coarse mode (PM_{2.5 − 10}) particles, but less reduction was found for fine (PM_2.5) mass concentration. SO₄ ²⁻, NH₄ ⁺, and K⁺ predominated in fine particulate mode, NO₃ ⁻ and Cl⁻ predominated in fine particle mode and coarse particle mode, but Na⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ mostly existed in coarse mode. The high concentration of ammonium due to local emissions and long-range transport neutralized sulfate and nitrate to ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which were major forms of airborne PM in Iksan. Average mass concentrations of PM₁₀ in daytime and at night were 57.6 and 70.0 μg m⁻³, and those of PM_2.5 were 35.4 and 42.5 μg m⁻³, respectively. NO₃ ⁻ and Cl⁻ in both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were about double at night than in the daytime, while the rest of the chemical species were equal or a little higher at night than in the daytime. The results suggest the formation of ammonium nitrate and chloride when high ammonia concentration and low air temperature are allowed. Backward air trajectory analyses showed that air masses arriving at the site during yellow dust period were transported from arid Chinese regions, which resulted in high concentrations of airborne PM mass concentrations. In the meantime, air mass trajectories during a rainfall period were mostly from the Pacific Ocean or the East China Sea, along with a relatively low PM concentration.     

Perceiving Land-Degrading Activities from the Lay Perspective in Northern China

Investigation into local peoples’ perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into the decision-making process to help resolve environmental problems. Within the arena of land degradation, a number of studies have also been conducted to explore local peoples’ views of the problem. However, the perceptions of land-degrading practices of the general public have so far not been actively solicited. This study aimed to contribute to this area of research by adopting the psychometric scaling technique to empirically explore the lay public’s ecological risk perceptions of land-degrading activities in Minqin County in Gansu Province, northern China. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1,138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the survey were: (1) Respondents perceived the ecological risks posed by different land-degrading activities to be different. (2) There was a considerable incongruence in the way in which mining of groundwater was conceived by experts and laymen, respectively. (3) Respondents were pretty unsure of expert knowledge. (4) Respondents’ ecological risk perceptions were significantly affected by their personal attributes. As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, this study accentuates that we must be aware of, and involved in, the environmental perceptions of the lay public in order to succeed in guiding any human-environment tensions along more sustainable trajectories and navigating the transition to sustainability.