互花米草对持续淹水胁迫的生理响应

对互花米草进行了40cm水深的持续淹水胁迫,研究了其生理指标的响应.结果显示,淹水胁迫下,互花米草叶片中可溶性糖含量和叶绿索含量在初期均显著低于对照,随后逐渐积累并高于对照.丙二醛含量在初期显著高于对照,随后与对照组的差异逐渐减小,至生长季末与对照水平相当.过氧化物酶活性在淹水后63d内均高于对照,至生长季末则低于对照,而超氧化物歧化酶活性则始终高于对照.至生长季末,持续淹水胁迫条件下的互花米草生物量低于对照,其形态学上表现为植株矮小、根系变短、节长变短、地下部分所占生物量比重降低.研究结果表明,持续淹水胁迫对互花米草的生理指标产生影响,但互花米草可以通过生理和形态学的响应来适应这种胁迫,因此,必须进一步结合其它物理控制措施进行综合治理.     

持续淹水治理互花米草技术对盐沼土壤的影响

为了研究持续淹水治理互花米草技术对盐沼土壤理化特性的影响,应用化学分析测定方法跟踪监测了崇明东滩治理互花米草示范样地内水淹控制样区的土壤有机质、pH值、氯离子、重碳酸根、钙离子、镁离子和硫酸根离子含量随持续淹水时间的变化.结果表明,随淹水时间的延长,盐沼土壤有机质含量降低,而盐沼土壤pH值、氯离子、重碳酸根、钙离子、镁离子和硫酸根离子含量升高.除了氯离子和重碳酸根外,其他指标在0～15cm和15～30cm土壤层间的含量略有差异,但变化趋势相同.长期淹水造成的厌氧环境对盐沼土壤产生了一定的负面影响,而且持续淹水时间越长,对盐沼土壤产生的负面影响也越大.因此,应用持续淹水技术治理互花米草时,应尽可能减少持续淹水时间,以便在迅速、有效控制互花米草后为受损湿地的修复提供条件.     

Above- and belowground biomass and nutrient pools of Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) in a South American salt marsh

In order to examine the role of position in the tidal range on biomass production and nutrient pools in Spartina alterniflora in an Argentinian estuary, we estimated productivity, the concentration of C, N and P in tissues and pools (concentration×biomass) of these elements in low (LM) and high (HM) zones. Aboveground biomass of S. alterniflora was higher in HM than in LM. Aboveground primary productivity was 106 and 439 g dry wt m^?2 year^?1 in LM and HM, respectively. Belowground biomass was similar in LM and HM. Belowground primary productivity was 526 and 744 g dry wt m^?2 year^?1 for LM and HM, respectively. Nutrient pools were higher in HM than in LM. Biomass and productivity values were low, which makes nutrient pools low. The lower values of the parameters analysed in LM than in HM indicate that position in the tidal range is an important factor in this system, possibly due to the effect of flooding. Moreover, this pattern is opposite to the general one observed in the northern hemisphere, meaning that studying marshes from different environments is worth doing. Because pools were higher in HM, this zone would be more important for nutrient input to the estuary.     

Effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora on rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial community structures and diversity in roots of native mangroves北大核心CSCD

Root-associated microbial communities are very important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in wetland ecosystems, and help to enhance the mechanisms of plant invasions. In the estuary of Jiulong River (China), Spartina alternifiora has widely invaded Kandelia obovata-dominated habitats, making it necessary to investigate the influence of rootassociated bacteria. The endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial community structures associated with selected plant species were investigated using the barcoded Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. The diversity indices of bacteria associated with the roots of S. alterniflora were higher than those of the transition stands and K. obovata monoculture. Using principal coordinate analysis with UniFrac metrics, the comparison of diversity showed that all samples could be significantly clustered into three major groups, according to the bacterial communities of origin. Four phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes, were abundant in the rhizoplane of the two salt marsh plants, whereas Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were the more abundant endophytic bacteria. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes in the rhizosphere bacteria of S. alterniflora accounted for 78.0%, 5.6%, 3.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. Members of the phyla Spirochaetes and Chloroflexi were found among the endophytic bacteria of S. alterniflora and K. obovata, respectively. Using linear discriminate analysis, we found some dominant rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria, including Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Methylophilaceae, and Desulfovibrio, which could potentially affect the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Of interest was that endophytic bacteria were more sensitive to plant invasion than rhizosphere bacteria. Thus, the results provide evidence for the isolation of functional bacteria and the effects of root-associated microbial groups on S. alterniflora invasions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

互花米草对苏北滨海湿地表土有机碳更新的影响

自互花米草引入苏北滨海湿地后,逐渐替代本土植物盐蒿并形成单一植被的互花米草湿地.选择苏北地区盐蒿湿地及不同生长年限的互花米草湿地,采集其表层土壤样品,分别测定全土和分离的土壤粒径组分中总有机碳及δ13C值,分析湿地土壤有机碳浓度及其同位素组成的变化.结果表明,互花米草引入盐蒿湿地后,表层土壤有机碳浓度显著增加(增量达70%),且随着互花米草生长时间延长而明显增加.与盐蒿湿地相比,互花米草湿地土壤中大团聚体(>250mm)和微团聚体组分(53~250mm)有机碳浓度均显著增加,而粉粒组分(2~53mm)则无明显变化.互花米草湿地土壤原状土及各粒径组分的δ13C值均明显高于盐蒿土壤,源于互花米草的新碳在各粒径组分中均有分布,但主要富集在大团聚体组分中,占该组分总碳的31%~43%,说明互花米草生长对土壤有机碳浓度增加主要反映在粗粒径组分中,而对粉、黏粒组分则影响较小.     

碱处理对互花米草理化特性的影响研究

研究了5%的NaOH溶液固态处理互花米草后,互花米草的物质结构、物质组成以及水浸提液理化特性的变化.结果表明,经5%的NaOH溶液处理48h后,互花米草的木质纤维结构受到破坏,木质素大分子被碎片化,一些含氮的有机物和碳水化合物受到破坏,导致互花米草水浸提液的COD、TN和有机氮含量大幅增加,分别增加了333.90%、45.26%和25.83倍.对纤维素含量和纤维素结晶度的影响不大,但纤维素的结晶区可能发生了一定的重结晶.半纤维素受到较大程度的破坏,半纤维素含量大幅降低了27.65%,产生了一些羧基类物质.碱处理后,木质素的包裹作用被去除,互花米草的生物降解性能提高.     

牛粪对互花米草混合厌氧消化过程的影响研究

以互花米草和牛粪为原料,采用中温（35℃）批式发酵的方式,考察了添加牛粪对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,互花米草单独发酵时,单位VS产气量为222.61 mL/g,发酵过程出现酸化现象,pH最低为5.60;添加牛粪改善了厌氧微生物的生存环境,提高了系统的缓冲能力,发酵过程未出现酸化现象,pH经短暂下降后很快恢复到7.2～7.5,累积产气量提高了38.83%,互花米草单位VS产气量为309.05 mL/g.混合发酵对消化液中有机酸产量影响不大,但有机酸高峰提前5d出现.FTIR表明,混合发酵促进了微生物对互花米草中易分解有机物的利用.发酵前、后和混合发酵互花米草的结晶度指数cri分别为0.617 6、　0.620 0和0.615 4.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地铁还原菌群落结构及多样性影响

互花米草是河口湿地典型的入侵物种,为了探究互花米草入侵对河口湿地铁还原菌群落结构及多样性影响,以闽江口秋茄湿地、闽江口芦苇湿地和漳江口白骨壤湿地3个典型的湿地为研究对象,分别对互花米草入侵前后土壤铁还原菌群落进行测定与分析.结果表明：①互花米草入侵使白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌多样性升高,使秋茄湿地铁还原菌多样性降低;②互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度显著降低,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）铁还原菌的相对丰度显著提高（p<0.05）;③互花米草入侵使湿地土壤铁还原菌的优势菌属发生演替.互花米草入侵后,秋茄湿地中优势菌属除硫单胞菌（Desulfuromonas）的丰度显著降低成为非优势菌属,而厌氧粘细菌（Anaeromyxobacter）的丰度显著提高成为第三优势菌属;白骨壤湿地中互花米草入侵后拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）的丰度显著降低成为非优势菌属;④环境因子及碳组分影响湿地土壤铁还原菌的相对丰度,Geobacter的相对丰度与可溶性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳均呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,Halothiobacillus的相对丰度与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与土壤微生物量碳（MBC）呈显著负相关（p<0.05）.研究结果可为治理互花米草过程中微生物多样性的恢复提供科学依据.     

盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物有机碳特征

对比研究盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)含量及其时空分布,揭示不同季节,不同植被覆盖对滨海湿地TOC分布的影响。结果表明,盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物TOC含量为0.69~10.34 g/kg,平均值4.55 g/kg。TOC含量的季节变化表现为:光滩呈单峰型分布,最高值出现在秋季(0.86±0.11 g/kg),除光滩外,TOC含量峰值均出现在冬季,即植被非生长季。TOC含量的空间变化表现为:互花米草滩(10.34±2.42 g/kg)>芦苇滩(3.90±1.11 g/kg)>盐蒿滩(3.28±1.86 g/kg)>光滩(0.69±0.16 g/kg);不同生态带内TOC 含量差异显著,光滩空间变异性最小(0.06),芦苇滩最大(0.14)。此外,湿地表层沉积物中TOC含量与总氮(TN, g/kg)、含水量(WFPS,%)、平均粒径(Φ)、分选系数以及C/N均呈显著正相关。通过研究发现,互花米草相对于其他植被类型由于其对有机碳很好的富集能力,可以有效增强滨海湿地生态系统土壤的固碳潜力。     

互花米草厌氧消化产沼气的实验研究

为探索入侵物种互花米草厌氧生物处理的可行性,研究了互花米草中温批式厌氧发酵的产气特性和物质转化过程.结果表明,互花米草的产气率随VS负荷的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当VS浓度为6.0%时,产气效果最好,产气量为294.84mL/g VS.发酵过程中,有机酸先增加后降低,pH值与有机酸呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.97508),该发酵过程为丁酸型发酵.互花米草中的维管束、薄壁细胞以及纹孔,有利于其进行厌氧生物处理, 发酵后的互花米草外观变得毛糙,出现了很多丝状物,维管束结构破坏严重,皮层和薄壁细胞不易被厌氧微生物破坏.FTIR和XRD结果显示,厌氧微生物不但利用互花米草中的易分解有机物,对纤维素的结晶区也有一定的破坏,发酵后的互花米草木质素相对含量增加.