巯基改性互花米草对阳离子染料的吸附性能

利用巯基乙酸与互花米草(Spartina alterniflora,SA)表面的羟基发生酯化反应制备了巯基改性互花米草(TMSA)生物吸附剂,傅里叶红外光谱结果证实巯基被接枝到互花米草表面。对模拟的阳离子染料(甲基紫和亚甲基蓝)废水进行吸附研究,结果表明:平衡吸附量随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低;溶液初始pH为8左右吸附效果较好;提高染料初始浓度和温度(10~30 ℃),吸附量都相应升高;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附模型符合Langmuir方程。     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草对滩涂昆虫的影响

2005年5,8,10月份对黄河三角洲无棣岔尖、东营市五号桩、小清河口米草分布区与土著植物芦苇分布区的昆虫作了调查,并辅以2003年同期调查资料,结果表明：米草分布区共鉴定出昆虫9种,芦苇分布区鉴定出49种,是米草分布区昆虫种数的5．4倍,米草分布区昆虫种数明显少于芦苇分布区,且优势类群存在很大差异,米草入侵对昆虫的结构、组成与多样性产生了影响。     

Effects of Invasive Cordgrass on Presence of Marsh Grassbird in an Area where It Is Not Native

The threatened Marsh Grassbird (Locustella pryeri) first appeared in the salt marsh in east China after the salt marsh was invaded by cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a non‐native invasive species. To understand the dependence of non‐native Marsh Grassbird on the non‐native cordgrass, we quantified habitat use, food source, and reproductive success of the Marsh Grassbird at the Chongming Dongtan (CMDT) salt marsh. In the breeding season, we used point counts and radio‐tracking to determine habitat use by Marsh Grassbirds. We analyzed basal food sources of the Marsh Grassbirds by comparing the δ¹³C isotope signatures of feather and fecal samples of birds with those of local plants. We monitored the nests through the breeding season and determined the breeding success of the Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT. Density of Marsh Grassbirds was higher where cordgrass occurred than in areas of native reed (Phragmites australis) monoculture. The breeding territory of the Marsh Grassbird was composed mainly of cordgrass stands, and nests were built exclusively against cordgrass stems. Cordgrass was the major primary producer at the base of the Marsh Grassbird food chain. Breeding success of the Marsh Grassbird at CMDT was similar to breeding success within its native range. Our results suggest non‐native cordgrass provides essential habitat and food for breeding Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT and that the increase in Marsh Grassbird abundance may reflect the rapid spread of cordgrass in the coastal regions of east China. Our study provides an example of how a primary invader (i.e., cordgrass) can alter an ecosystem and thus facilitate colonization by a second non‐native species. Efectos de Spartina alterniflora Invasora Sobre Locustella pryeri en un Área Donde No Es Nativa     

Allocation of nitrogen and carbon in an estuarine salt marsh in Portugal

Above and below-ground biomass and nitrogen and carbon composition ofSpartina maritima, Halimione portulacoides andArthrocnemum perenne, dominating species in plant communities of the lower, middle and higher salt marsh, respectively, were compared in an estuarine salt marsh in Portugal. Plant and soil nitrogen and carbon pools were estimated. For all three species root biomass was significantly higher (70–92% of total biomass) than above-ground biomass. The percentage of root biomass was related to the location of the plants in the marsh: higher values were found in plants growing in the lower salt marsh where the sediment was more unstable and subject to tidal action, which stresses the role of the roots as an anchor. For all three species nitrogen concentrations were highest in leaves, reflecting the photosynthetic role of the tissue. For carbon higher concentrations were found in the stems, with the exception ofS. maritima. In general, lower nitrogen concentrations were found in summer, which can be explained by dilution processes due to plant growth. For both nitrogen and carbon, higher concentrations were found in the soil surface layers. Higher soil nitrogen and carbon levels were associated with higher organic matter contents. Most of the nitrogen in the salt marsh occurred in the sediments (0–40 cm) and only ca. 5.7–13.3% of the total was found in the plants. The greater portion (76.5%–86%) of carbon was found in the sediment.     

大米草人工败育技术研究

大米草的蔓延,不但严重影响了滩涂养殖业,同时也对滩涂生态造成了巨大的破坏,致使红树林生态群大面积消失.我们研制出一种能够导致大米草败育的药剂--米草败育灵,可使大米草种子100%败育,从而可以有效地控制其通过种子传播的方式蔓延.经检测该药剂对环境安全,对水生生物安全且使用后在土壤中检测不到残留.     

闽江河口区互花米草入侵不同年限下湿地土壤有机碳变化

为阐明互花米草的固碳潜力,论文在闽江河口区鳝鱼滩湿地选择不同入侵年限的样地,对其0~60 cm土壤理化性质和碳库变化进行测定与分析。结果表明：1） Y₄（<4 a）、Y₈（4~8 a）和Y₁₂（8~12 a）3个采样点土壤有机碳含量均值分别为 15.5、17.77和19.71 g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值分别为10.68、12.29和15.01 kg·m^-3,总有机碳储量均值分别为65.24、73.99和90.30 t·hm^-2,其中表层0~20 cm土壤有机碳增加最为显著;2）互花米草入侵引起湿地土壤粘粒和粉粒组成增加,容重和砂粒组成降低,表层土壤C/N增加明显;3）土壤有机碳含量与pH值、盐度、土壤含水量、C/N、平均粒径、粘粒组成呈显著正相关,与容重、砂粒组成呈显著负相关。通过研究发现,短期入侵的互花米草湿地土壤有机碳持续增加,具有较强的有机碳富集能力,在单位面积上可以有效增强河口湿地生态系统的碳蓄积。     

黄河三角洲外来入侵物种米草的分布面积与扩展速度

2005年和2007年,对黄河三角洲外来入侵种米草的引种历史、分布面积及扩展速度进行了社会调查、实地勘察和测量,结果表明:小清河口大米草(Spartina anglica)于1985年引种,现已发展到42.77 hm~2,年均扩展0.39～0.40倍;无棣套儿河口大米草于1987年引种,现已发展到0.23 hm~2,年均扩展0.35～0.36倍;东营市仙河镇五号桩互花米草(S.alterniflora)和大米草于1990年引种,现已发展到571.59 hm~2,年均扩展0.52～0.53倍.以五号桩互花米草和大米草扩展速度最快,小清河口大米草扩展速度次之,与米草分布区的生态环境有关.     

Influence of flooding and vegetation on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in the pore water of a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh

Four sites were selected in a salt marsh in the Bah′?a Blanca Estuary (Argentina): (1) low marsh (flooded by the tide twice daily) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (2) non-vegetated low marsh; (3) high marsh (flooded only in spring tides) vegetated by S. alterniflora; (4) non-vegetated high marsh. The pH and Eh were measured in sediments, while dissolved nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) and particulate organic matter (POM) were determined in pore water. pH (6.2–8.7) was only a ected by vegetation in low areas. Eh (from –300 to 250 mV) was lower at low sites than at high ones; in the latter, the values were higher in the non-vegetated sediments. The POM concentration was greater in the high marsh than in the low marsh, with no e ect of vegetation. Ammonium was the most abundant nitrogen nutrient species in pore water, except in the non-vegetated high marsh where nitrate concentration was higher. All nitrogen nutrients were a ected by both flooding and vegetation. Phosphate was always present in pore water at all sites throughout the year and its concentration varied within narrow limits, with no e ect of flooding and greater values always at non-vegetated sites. Our results showed that the variability of the pore water composition within the marsh is greater than the temporal variation, meaning that both tidal flooding and vegetation are important in the dynamics of nutrients and organic matter in the sediment pore water.     

互花米草入侵对胶州湾湿地土壤磷赋存形态的影响

为探讨互花米草入侵对滨海湿地土壤磷循环的影响,基于时空互易原则,选择胶州湾湿地互花米草区(SA区)和光滩区(MF区)为研究靶区,分析了互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)及其组分含量的差异性以及影响因素.结果表明,互花米草入侵后湿地土壤中TP(472.70 mg·kg^-1)和IP(239.00 mg·kg^-1)平均含量明显高于入侵前光滩区TP(386.19mg·kg^-1)和IP(212.68 mg·kg^-1)含量,增幅分别为22.40%和12.38%.研究区无机磷组分以钙磷(Ca-P)和铁磷(Fe-P)为主,分别占IP的45%～61%和31%～49%.互花米草入侵后,10～30 cm层土壤Ca-P含量显著降低(P <0.05),7月尤为明显;Fe-P含量显著增加(P <0.05),0～40 cm土壤层含量高于40～60 cm层(P <0.05),并且7月在10～40 cm土壤表现出明显富集现象.通过结构方程模型发现互花米草入侵后有机质(OM)对TP和Fe-P有显著正...     

无瓣海桑不同器官水浸液对互花米草幼苗的化感效应

以互花米草幼苗为受体植物,选用无瓣海桑凋落叶、根、果的5个质量浓度梯度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 g/mL)水浸液为处理液,研究无瓣海桑对互花米草幼苗的化感效应。结果表明:不同浓度的无瓣海桑凋落叶、根和果的水浸液对互花米草幼苗具有不同程度的化感作用,且存在"高抑低促"的浓度效应。所有水浸液均表现出高浓度下(高于0.3 g/mL)明显抑制互花米草的生长,随着浓度降低其抑制作用逐渐减弱,甚至转为轻微促进作用(即0.1 g/mL时)的规律。无瓣海桑不同器官的水浸液对互花米草幼苗生长的综合化感抑制强度为:果>根>凋落叶。