盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物有机碳特征

对比研究盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物总有机碳(TOC)含量及其时空分布,揭示不同季节,不同植被覆盖对滨海湿地TOC分布的影响。结果表明,盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物TOC含量为0.69~10.34 g/kg,平均值4.55 g/kg。TOC含量的季节变化表现为:光滩呈单峰型分布,最高值出现在秋季(0.86±0.11 g/kg),除光滩外,TOC含量峰值均出现在冬季,即植被非生长季。TOC含量的空间变化表现为:互花米草滩(10.34±2.42 g/kg)>芦苇滩(3.90±1.11 g/kg)>盐蒿滩(3.28±1.86 g/kg)>光滩(0.69±0.16 g/kg);不同生态带内TOC 含量差异显著,光滩空间变异性最小(0.06),芦苇滩最大(0.14)。此外,湿地表层沉积物中TOC含量与总氮(TN, g/kg)、含水量(WFPS,%)、平均粒径(Φ)、分选系数以及C/N均呈显著正相关。通过研究发现,互花米草相对于其他植被类型由于其对有机碳很好的富集能力,可以有效增强滨海湿地生态系统土壤的固碳潜力。     

Effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora on rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial community structures and diversity in roots of native mangroves北大核心CSCD

Root-associated microbial communities are very important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in wetland ecosystems, and help to enhance the mechanisms of plant invasions. In the estuary of Jiulong River (China), Spartina alternifiora has widely invaded Kandelia obovata-dominated habitats, making it necessary to investigate the influence of rootassociated bacteria. The endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial community structures associated with selected plant species were investigated using the barcoded Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. The diversity indices of bacteria associated with the roots of S. alterniflora were higher than those of the transition stands and K. obovata monoculture. Using principal coordinate analysis with UniFrac metrics, the comparison of diversity showed that all samples could be significantly clustered into three major groups, according to the bacterial communities of origin. Four phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes, were abundant in the rhizoplane of the two salt marsh plants, whereas Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were the more abundant endophytic bacteria. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes in the rhizosphere bacteria of S. alterniflora accounted for 78.0%, 5.6%, 3.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. Members of the phyla Spirochaetes and Chloroflexi were found among the endophytic bacteria of S. alterniflora and K. obovata, respectively. Using linear discriminate analysis, we found some dominant rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria, including Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Methylophilaceae, and Desulfovibrio, which could potentially affect the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Of interest was that endophytic bacteria were more sensitive to plant invasion than rhizosphere bacteria. Thus, the results provide evidence for the isolation of functional bacteria and the effects of root-associated microbial groups on S. alterniflora invasions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

互花米草对苏北滨海湿地表土有机碳更新的影响

自互花米草引入苏北滨海湿地后,逐渐替代本土植物盐蒿并形成单一植被的互花米草湿地.选择苏北地区盐蒿湿地及不同生长年限的互花米草湿地,采集其表层土壤样品,分别测定全土和分离的土壤粒径组分中总有机碳及δ13C值,分析湿地土壤有机碳浓度及其同位素组成的变化.结果表明,互花米草引入盐蒿湿地后,表层土壤有机碳浓度显著增加(增量达70%),且随着互花米草生长时间延长而明显增加.与盐蒿湿地相比,互花米草湿地土壤中大团聚体(>250mm)和微团聚体组分(53~250mm)有机碳浓度均显著增加,而粉粒组分(2~53mm)则无明显变化.互花米草湿地土壤原状土及各粒径组分的δ13C值均明显高于盐蒿土壤,源于互花米草的新碳在各粒径组分中均有分布,但主要富集在大团聚体组分中,占该组分总碳的31%~43%,说明互花米草生长对土壤有机碳浓度增加主要反映在粗粒径组分中,而对粉、黏粒组分则影响较小.     

碱处理对互花米草理化特性的影响研究

研究了5%的NaOH溶液固态处理互花米草后,互花米草的物质结构、物质组成以及水浸提液理化特性的变化.结果表明,经5%的NaOH溶液处理48h后,互花米草的木质纤维结构受到破坏,木质素大分子被碎片化,一些含氮的有机物和碳水化合物受到破坏,导致互花米草水浸提液的COD、TN和有机氮含量大幅增加,分别增加了333.90%、45.26%和25.83倍.对纤维素含量和纤维素结晶度的影响不大,但纤维素的结晶区可能发生了一定的重结晶.半纤维素受到较大程度的破坏,半纤维素含量大幅降低了27.65%,产生了一些羧基类物质.碱处理后,木质素的包裹作用被去除,互花米草的生物降解性能提高.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地沉积物重金属累积效应

为了探究互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）入侵对湿地沉积物重金属累积的效应,选择典型亚热带河口湿地（闽江鳝鱼滩湿地）中未被入侵的短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis）群落A、互花米草入侵斑块边缘B以及互花米草入侵斑块中央C三个典型区10个不同深度的Co、Ni、Cu、As进行研究,并采用地累积指数法及潜在生态风险评价法进行评价。结果表明：（1） 三个采样点Co、Ni、Cu、As含量均随着互花米草入侵过程显著增加,即C>B>A,相比入侵前增量分别达到26.31%、19.66%、50.79%和16.93%;（2）地累积指数法显示,研究区域Co、Ni、Cu为轻度污染状态,As则处在强污染向极强污染过渡状态;（3）潜在生态风险评价法显示,研究区域Co、Ni、Cu的潜在生态风险轻微,As在A、B两点的潜在生态风险因子很强,C点为极强。两种评价方法均显示互花米草的入侵将一定程度上加剧重金属污染及其潜在的生态风险,区域内As污染需引起重视。进一步分析表明沉积物Co、Ni、Cu、As与总碳、总氮、碳氮比、容重和地上生物量呈显著相关,互花米草对湿地沉积物重金属累积的机制可能与其发达的地上生物量与地下密集的根系结构有关。     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤细菌群落结构及多样性影响

本研究以闽江口秋茄湿地、漳江口白骨壤湿地和闽江口芦苇湿地为研究地点,采集土壤样品并通过高通量测序分析了土壤细菌的群落结构及其多样性,以此探讨互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明：①互花米草入侵河口湿地后,改变了湿地土壤细菌种类的相对丰度,且入侵不同的湿地群落,细菌优势菌属及相对丰度具有差异;②互花米草入侵秋茄和芦苇湿地后使土壤细菌多样性升高,互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后使土壤细菌多样性降低;③互花米草入侵并未明显改变细菌门水平的群落组成,湿地土壤主要的细菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;④互花米草入侵改变了湿地土壤细菌的优势菌属,使白骨壤湿地土壤Ruminococcus_2、Faecalibacterium的相对丰度降低,同时白骨壤湿地土壤出现了Thiohalophilus、Hallea等优势菌属;⑤环境因子和活性碳组分能够影响湿地土壤中细菌的相对丰度,细菌Thiohalophilus的相对丰度与湿地土壤盐度呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,Sideroxydans的相对丰度与湿地土壤pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度与土壤易分解有机碳（LOC）呈显著负相关（p<0.01）;Blautia、Bacteroidess的相对丰度与土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.本研究可为深入研究互花米草入侵机制及生态影响提供重要科学依据.     

Transgenic Spartina alterniflora for phytoremediation

Perennial monoculture forming grasses are very important natural remediators of pollutants. Their genetic improvement is an important task because introduction of key transgenes can dramatically improve their remediation potential. Transfer of key genes for mercury phytoremediation into the salt marsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is reported here. S. alterniflora plays an important role in the salt marsh by cycling of␣elements, both nutrients and pollutants, protects the coastline from erosion, is a keystone species in the␣salt marsh supporting a large food web, which in turn supports a significant segment of economy, including tourism, has an impact on cloud formation and consequently on global weather, and is thus an ecologically important species relevant for our life-support systems. Embryogenic callus of S. alterniflora was co-inoculated with a pair of Agrobacterium strains LBA4404 carrying the organomercurial lyase (merB) and mercuric reductase (merA) genes, respectively, in order to co-introduce both the merA and the merB genes. Seven stable geneticin resistant lines were recovered. The presence of merA and merB genes was verified by PCR and Southern blotting. All but one transgenic lines contained both the merA and the merB sequences proving that co-introduction into Spartina of two genes from separate Agrobacterium strains is feasible and frequent, although the overall frequency of transformation is low. Northern blotting showed differences in relative expression of the two transgenes among individual transformants. The steady-state RNA levels appeared to correlate with the phenotype. Line #7 showed the highest resistance to HgCl₂ (up to 500 μM), whereas line #3 was the most resistant to phenylmercuric acetate (PMA). Wild-type (WT) callus is sensitive to PMA at 50 μM and to HgCl₂ at 225 μM.     

江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区互花米草对水盐梯度的生态响应

为探究江苏滨海湿地环境因子与互花米草生态特征的关系及水分梯度和盐分梯度对互花米草生态特征的影响,于2020年10月,选取江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区滨海湿地互花米草为研究对象,测定了互花米草的株高、生物量、密度、盖度及土壤水分、土壤盐分、pH、土壤容重.结果 表明:①土壤水分和土壤盐分是影响互花米草生态特征的重要环境因...     

互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布

为了深入探究影响河口沼泽湿地甲烷排放空间变异的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布进行了研究.系统发育分析表明,闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性划分为3大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).在不同的土壤深度,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.0~10 cm土层占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanoregula和Methanobacterium,分别约占46%和43%;10~20 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanolobus,分别约占66%、13%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属;20~30 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanogenium,分别约占65%、11%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,10~20 cm土层(H'=2.69,D=0.073)和20~30 cm土层(H'=2.47,D=0.093)产甲烷古菌的多样性明显高于0~10 cm土层(H'=1.60,D=0.292).     

长江口盐沼带湿地生态演替过程中甲烷排放研究

甲烷(CH4)作为河口湿地碳循环的重要中间产物,是大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,其排放清单对于全球气候变暖趋势的预测具有重要意义.因此,本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱技术,针对长江口盐沼带湿地CH4的排放通量展开了为期2年、每月1次的现场观测.研究结果表明,长江口盐沼带湿地持续表现为大气CH4的净排放源,其中,2011年在海三棱藨草覆盖情况下,全年CH4平均排放通量达到了1.00 mg·m-2·h-1,2012年互花米草大规模入侵后,海三棱藨草生物量显著减小,全年CH4排放通量减小为0.55 mg·m-2·h-1.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物有机碳含量、光合有效辐射及含水率等均不是影响长江口盐沼带湿地CH4排放的重要环境因子.在2011年,海三棱藨草生物量(p=0.001,r=0.928)、气温(p0.01,r=0.432)均与CH4排放通量呈现显著正相关,全年CH4最大排放通量出现在生物量最大的夏季8月份;2012年随着互花米草的入侵,CH4排放通量在5月份达到了最大值,自5月份之后逐渐减小,互花米草的入侵使长江口中潮滩盐沼带湿地CH4排放通量整体呈现出了下降的趋势.