福建罗源湾潮间带沉积物重金属含量空间分布及其环境质量影响

潮间带是典型的环境脆弱带和敏感带.为探明福建罗源湾潮间带的环境质量,于2009年在该区开展了野外调查,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定了该区表层沉积物中重金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn)浓度,用潜在生态风险评价法评价了该区的环境质量.结果表明,整个潮间带表层沉积物主要是粉砂和黏土质粉砂,重金属元素(Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Zn)的平均含量分别为:20.48、77.82、23.24、40.67、36.25、134.75、111.21 mg.kg-1;互花米草盐沼区表层沉积物中重金属含量明显高于光滩区;与其它地区相比,本区表层沉积物重金属含量明显高于福建海岸带土壤背景值,但低于珠江口地区.主成分分析和相关分析表明,工业排污和生活污水是本区重金属污染的主要来源,而矿床开采以及有机质降解产生的内源释放也是该区重金属元素来源的主要途径之一.潜在生态风险评价显示,研究区具中等程度的潜在生态危害风险;Ni和Co是主要环境污染因子,Pb的污染程度较低;互花米草盐沼的潜在生态风险高于光滩区,不同重金属的潜在生态危害程度顺序为Ni>Co>Cu>Pb>Cr>V>Zn.     

苏北海滨湿地互花米草无性分株扩张能力

在新洋港滩涂由海向陆建立样地:光滩(mudflat)、零星互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)斑块(SAP)、稳定互花米草滩下边缘(SAFI)、2003年互花米草定居处(SAF03)1、989年互花米草定居处(SAF89)、碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)滩(SS)及禾草滩(GF),各样地原位栽培9株生长无差异的互花米草分蘖幼苗(1 m×1 m样方,3次重复),分析互花米草生长指标和繁殖成功率,研究互花米草在苏北海滨湿地的扩张能力。结果表明:(1)mudflat处互花米草分蘖幼苗存活率为7.8%,极显著低于其他样地,SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89、SS和GF样地互花米草存活率分别为88.9%7、7.8%、60.0%、81.1%、0和66.6%;(2)mudflat处根状茎数量显著高于其他样地,但互花米草种子千粒重显著低于其他样地,127 d时mudflat、SAP、SAFI、SAF03、SAF89及GF处互花米草数量比原先存活的互花米草数量分别增加了24.81、9.73、0.26、.7、5.8和3.0倍;(3)SAP、SAFI及SAF89间总生物量无显著差异(P>0.05),且显著...     

互花米草入侵对杭州湾滨海湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响

互花米草入侵对滨海湿地生态系统产生极大威胁.选取杭州湾滨海湿地为研究区,采用方差分析研究互花米草入侵下滨海湿地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征,结合冗余分析(RDA)、增强回归树(BRT)和偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)进一步探讨滨海湿地环境因子与土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征之间的驱动耦合关系.结果表明：(1)互花米草入侵后,湿地土壤全氮和氮磷比(N∶P)显著增加;随入侵时间增加,土壤全氮和N∶P显著降低,有机碳、碳氮比(C∶N)和碳磷比(C∶P)显著增加.(2) RDA分析表明,冬季影响表土C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的主要因子表现为有机碳>电导率>全氮,夏季为有机碳>容重>全氮.(3) BRT分析表明,互花米草入侵下,全氮是影响土壤C∶N和N∶P的关键因子,而有机碳对C∶P影响最强.(4) PLS-SEM分析表明,互花米草入侵下,黏粒和含水率直接影响有机碳,进而影响C∶N和C∶P;黏粒和电导率直接影响全磷,进而影响N∶P和C∶P;电导率直接影响全氮,进而影响C∶N和N∶P.综上,互花米草入侵对研究区土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响显著,土壤物理性质和养分含...     

互花米草入侵对滨海盐沼土壤甲基汞的影响

本研究跨越11个纬度选取了4个典型滨海盐沼湿地,通过对比分析互花米草湿地和其他盐沼湿地（没有互花米草的本地种单优或者共优群落湿地）的汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）含量特征及环境因子,探究互花米草入侵对我国滨海盐沼湿地土壤甲基汞的影响.结果表明：（1）4个研究区THg含量高低顺序为闽江口（（115.327±18.220）μg/kg） > 杭州湾（（37.792±3.761）μg/kg） > 黄河三角洲（（27.690±4.359）μg/kg） > 盐城（（8.843±1.688）μg/kg）;MeHg含量为杭州湾（（0.589±0.134）μg/kg） > 黄河三角洲（（0.511±0.059）μg/kg） > 闽江口（（0.361±0.065）μg/kg） > 盐城（（0.191±0.027）μg/kg）.（2）综合4个研究区进行分析发现,互花米草入侵对盐沼湿地土壤MeHg和% MeHg的均没有显著影响,但是互花米草入侵著增加了黄河三角洲的MeHg含量（95.0%）.（3）在两种湿地类型中,% MeHg（甲基化率）和THg均呈现极显著的负相关关系,且二者之间的关系存在一个临界值（20~30μg/kg之间）,当THg小于临界值时,% MeHg与环境因子相关性较弱;当THg大于临界值时,% MeHg与环境因子显著相关.本研究从较大的空间尺度回答了互花米草入侵对滨海盐沼湿地甲基汞特征的影响,为全面评价互花米草入侵对我国滨海地区的影响提供了数据支持,为研究滨海滩涂地区汞的迁移转化提供了依据.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤环境中铁氧化菌群落结构及多样性影响

以闽江口秋茄湿地、芦苇湿地及漳江口白骨壤湿地作为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术对互花米草入侵湿地前、后土壤铁氧化菌群落结构及其多样性进行测定与分析,以此探讨互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤铁氧化菌的影响.结果表明：(1)不同类型的河口湿地土壤中铁氧化菌数量对互花米草入侵后的反应不同,互花米草入侵闽江口秋茄湿地和芦苇湿地后,湿地土壤铁氧化菌数量均显著增加（p<0.05）;而入侵漳江口白骨壤湿地后,湿地土壤铁氧化菌数量显著降低（p<0.05）;(2)互花米草入侵使秋茄湿地铁氧化菌多样性提高,使白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地土壤铁氧化菌多样性降低;(3)变形菌门（Proteobacteria）铁氧化菌是湿地优势菌门,尤其是互花米草入侵秋茄湿地后,其变形菌门铁氧化菌的相对丰度明显提高,而脱硫杆菌门（Desulfobacterota）铁氧化菌的相对丰度降低;(4)互花米草入侵后,秋茄湿地中优势菌地杆菌属（Geobacter）铁氧化菌的丰度显著降低,而沙雷氏菌属（Sediminibacterium）的丰度显著提高;芦苇湿地中互花米草入侵后披毛菌属（Gallionella）的丰度显著提高;(5)盐度、pH...     

Cumulative Impacts of Dock Shading on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> in South Carolina Estuaries

Salt marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and the associated networks of tidal creeks that drain them are characteristic geographical features of southeastern estuaries, important nursery habitat areas, and preferred sites for residential development. As the size of the coastal population increases, so has the number of requests for dock permits. With each new request for a dock permit, public concerns about the cumulative environmental impacts of dock proliferation on the coastal environment have increased. The objective of this particular study was to evaluate the impacts of shading by dock structures on stem densities of S. alterniflora in South Carolina coastal marshes. Shading impacts under individual docks were extrapolated to the tidal creek (local), county, and statewide scales. Dock structures were sampled both under and next to the walkway in the Charleston Harbor area of South Carolina. The density of S. alterniflora under docks was significantly lower than that which occurred next to the docks (i.e., 5 m away) for the short-form, tall-form, and both forms combined. We estimated that shading effects from dock structures in South Carolina decreased the stem density of S. alterniflora by 71%. Dock shading effects were small when evaluated from the perspective of the amount of marsh that occurs within specific tidal creeks (0.03–0.72%), in coastal counties at a maximum dock length (0.01–0.98%), or statewide (0.01–0.13%) at a maximum dock length. However, approximately 7,000 docks have been permitted over the last decade, resulting in a loss of salt marsh equivalent to 60 ha.1Denise M. Sangers present address: Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 1362 McMillan Avenue, Suite 400 Charleston, South Carolina 29405, USA. 2 A. Frederick Hollands present address: Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.     

Potential for Using Native Plant Species in Stormwater Wetlands

Spartina pectinata (prairie cordgrass) was grown under five hydroperiods (wet–dry cycles) to determine its potential for use in stormwater wetlands, particularly as an alternative to the highly invasive Phalaris arundinacea (an exotic grass). Rhizomes planted in outdoor microcosms grew vigorously in all treatments, namely, weekly flooding in early summer, weekly flooding in late summer, flooding every three weeks throughout the summer, weekly flooding throughout the summer, and no flooding. Neither the timing nor frequency of 24-hour floods (10–20 cm deep) affected total stem length (grand mean 1003 ± 188.8 cm per pot, n = 140) or above-ground biomass (46.5 ± 8.3 g per pot, equivalent to ∼360 g/m²). However, by late summer, fewer new tillers were found in unflooded microcosms, indicating that vegetative expansion is drought-sensitive. The growth of Spartina plants was further assessed with and without Glyceria striata (a native grass) and Phalaris arundinacea. Glyceria growth was not affected by hydrologic treatment. Glyceria reduced Spartina growth by approximately 11%, suggesting potential as a cover crop that might reduce establishment and growth of Phalaris seedlings. Seeds of Phalaris did not germinate, but branch fragments established where soil was moist from flooding, regardless of the presence of Glyceria. The ability of Spartina to establish vegetatively and grow well under variable water levels leads us to recommend further testing in stormwater wetlands, along with early planting of Glyceria to reduce weed invasions.     

Relationships of salt-marsh plant distributions to tidal levels in Connecticut,USA

A three-year study of Connecticut, USA, salt-marsh vegetation was undertaken to determine the relationship of its distribution on the marsh surface to tidal levels, particularly mean high water (MHW) as measured on each of three sites representing different tidal amplitudes. Elevations and species present were measured on 1-m² grids in 10x 70-m belt transects at each site. After the data were subjected to discriminant analysis and other standard statistical procedures, the results showed that 98.4% of all observations ofSpartina alterniflora Loisel. occurred at or below MHW. The data can aid in salt-marsh restoration by offering a reliable indicator of what species should be planted when restored elevations and on-site MHW are known.     

汽爆预处理对互花米草厌氧发酵产气特性的影响

针对互花米草厌氧发酵过程存在的结构抑制问题,采用高速汽爆设备,在1.5,2.0,3.0MPa条件下分别对其进行蒸汽爆破预处理试验,并采用揉搓处理作为对照.厌氧发酵试验结果表明,随汽爆压力的增加,累积产气率呈下降趋势,1.5,2.0,3.0MPa处理原料的单位挥发性固体(VS)累积产气量分别为293.6,176.1,145.4mL/g,对照为238.7mL/g.经2.0,3.0MPa处理的原料在发酵过程中存在酸积累现象,挥发性有机酸(VFA)中乙酸最高达10599.42mg/L,丙酸浓度高于1000mg/L,这是导致这2组原料累积产气量低于对照的主要原因.     

NaOH溶液间歇式处理对互花米草厌氧发酵特性的影响

在中温(35±1)℃条件下,用不同质量分数的NaOH溶液处理一次发酵后的互花米草,并进行批式中温厌氧二次发酵实验.分析了发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的变化.结果表明,在总固体含量(TS)为6%的条件下,一次发酵产气率为317mL.g-1(以TS计),甲烷含量为71%,发酵过程中出现酸抑制现象.发酵后原料用4%、6%、8%的NaOH溶液处理后,在TS含量为6%的条件下进行二次发酵,仍均具有很好的产气特性,未出现酸化现象,产气率分别为262、276、282mL.g-1(以TS计),甲烷含量分别为72%、72%、69%.在一次发酵的基础上单位质量TS产气量分别增加了83%、87%、89%.这表明通过NaOH溶液的间歇式处理,能有效地提高互花米草厌氧消化的沼气产率.