互花米草在不同生境中的形态可塑性与生物量分配

该文以分布于广西合浦山口红树林保护区的互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为研究对象,研究了不同的生境条件(淤泥质、泥沙质、沙质)对其形态因子和生物量的影响.结果表明:生境条件对互花米草的形态因子和生物量的生长有显著影响.三种生境中,以淤泥质中生长的互花米草的单位面积株数和生物量最高;比较单株的形态因子,则以泥沙质中的互花米草长势最佳,并与淤泥质、沙质相差显著;在淤泥质与沙质中,除地下生物量外,其它形态因子与生物量之间没有显著差异;在不同的生境中互花米草生物量的分配存在一定的差异;土壤透气性及养分含量可能是影响互花米草形态因子和生物量差异的主要因素.     

鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵产甲烷的研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)条件下,采用批式发酵方式,进行了鸡粪与互花米草沼渣不同混合比例的厌氧发酵实验.实验设置鸡粪∶互花米草沼渣干物质(TS)比分别为5∶0(T1)、4∶1(T2)、3∶2(T3)、2∶3(T4)、1∶4(T5)和0∶5(T6)共6个处理.结果表明,经中温干发酵后的互花米草沼渣仍具有一定的厌氧产沼气能力,TS产气量为107.25 mL.g-1,甲烷含量为76.92%,厌氧微生物对互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有一定的破坏作用,厌氧发酵后纤维素的相对结晶度指数CrI下降了5.55%;将鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵,明显提高了原料的厌氧产气性能,T2的产气效果最好,T1、T3～T6的累积产气量分别为T2的61.31%、62.09%、52.15%、39.74%和31.67%;鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵的产酸类型为混合型发酵,发酵过程中未出现酸化现象;混合发酵对破坏互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有利,促进效果在1.13%～21.61%.     

Dynamics of arsenic in salt marsh sediments from Dongtan wetland of the Yangtze River estuary, China

The mobility and transformation of arsenic (As) in salt marsh sediments were investigated in Dongtan wetland of the Yangtze River estuary, China. As in surface water, pore water and the rhizosphere sediments were quantified. The microcosm incubation experiments were conducted during the flooding of the sediments to examine As dynamics that occurred during changing redox conditions. The concentrations of dissolved As in pore water (0.04-0.95 μmol/L) were significantly greater than that in surface water (0.03-0.06 μmol/L). Under anoxic conditions, the reactive As could be initially mobilized by the reductive dissolution of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides. Subsequently, most of the dissolved As was likely to be associated with secondary iron (hydr)oxide phases and remained in solid phases. The seasonal variability of acid volatile sulfide concentrations suggest the anoxic conditions are enhanced during summer by Spartina alterniflora compared to Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter, causing a notable increase in As mobility. Generally, there was a typical variation in redox conditions with season in salt marsh sediments of Dongtan wetland, in which the dynamics of As mobility and transformation possibly were controlled by iron, and all of this could be significantly influenced by the rapid spread of S. alterniflora.     

Eutrophication and Consumer Control of New England Salt Marsh Primary Productivity

Abstract:  Although primary productivity in salt marshes is thought to be controlled by physical forces, recent evidence suggests that human disturbances can drive a switch to consumer control in these ecologically valuable ecosystems. We tested the hypothesis that nitrogen enrichment can trigger consumer control in salt marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, with (1) a field experiment in which we manipulated nutrient availability (with nutrient additions) and insect herbivory (with insecticide application), (2) a survey of 20 salt marshes that examined the relationship between marsh nutrient status and herbivore pressure, and (3) insect herbivore removal at high and low nutrient input sites to directly test the hypothesis that nutrient enrichment is increasing insect herbivory in these marshes. Experimental nitrogen eutrophication initially increased plant productivity but eventually led to reduced plant biomass due to insect herbivory, and our surveys revealed that marsh nitrogen supply was a good predictor of herbivore damage to plants. Insects had minimal impacts on primary productivity in pristine marshes, but suppressed primary productivity in eutrophic salt marshes by 50–75%. Thus, eutrophication is currently triggering consumer suppression of primary productivity in New England salt marshes and may ultimately jeopardize the ecological and societal services these systems provide.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤真菌群落结构及多样性影响

河口湿地是遭受互花米草入侵的主要区域,为了探究互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤真菌的影响,以秋茄湿地、芦苇湿地,白骨壤湿地3种典型的湿地为研究对象,借助高通量测序技术对其土壤真菌丰富度及多样性进行分析.结果表明：①白骨壤湿地受到入侵后,土壤盐度、含水量、容重均发生了显著的变化（p<0.05）;②子囊菌门（Ascomycota）相对丰度在互花米草入侵红树林湿地和芦苇湿地后变化均较大,秋茄湿地土壤组织胞浆菌属（Histoplasma）相对丰度降低;芦苇湿地土壤假丝酵母菌属（Pseudeurotium）相对丰度有所增加;③互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后,土壤真菌多样性升高;互花米草入侵秋茄和芦苇湿地后,土壤真菌多样性降低;④互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地后土壤真菌群落结构差异最大;⑤环境因子能够影响湿地土壤中真菌的相对丰度,Talaromyces的相对丰度与土壤盐度呈显著正相关（p<0.01）,Penicillium的相对丰度与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（p<0.01）,Pseudeurotium、Toxicocladosporium与土壤pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.本研究可为治理互花米草过程中微生物多样性的保育提供重要的数据支撑.     

互花米草活性炭对镉的吸附

进行了磷酸活化法不同浸渍比（0.5—3.0）及活化温度（400℃—700℃）条件下制备的互花米草活性炭对镉的吸附性能研究,采用静态吸附法,考察不同初始浓度条件下活性炭对镉的平衡吸附量,旨在探索吸附机理、影响因素、除镉吸附剂的最佳制备条件以及活性炭物化性质对镉吸附性能的影响.实验表明,浸渍比和活化温度是影响成品活性炭镉吸...     

H3PO4活化法制备互花米草活性炭

利用互花米草茎秆为原料,以H3PO4为活化剂,在不同的活化温度(400℃-700℃)和不同的浸渍比(0.5-3.0)条件下制备活性炭.以高纯氮(N2/77.4K)吸附测定活性炭的比表面积和孔容、孔径分布,以VTIR、零点电荷pHPZC测定活性炭表面官能团的变化,并考察了活化温度及浸渍比对活性炭成品性能的影响.结果表明,...     

碱后处理对互花米草沼渣理化特性的影响研究

以互花米草厌氧发酵后的沼渣为原料,采用紫外扫描、FTIR、XRD、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和其他一些常规分析手段研究了5%NaOH溶液固态处理前后,互花米草沼渣的物质结构、物质组成以及水浸提液理化特性的变化.结果表明,经5%的NaOH溶液处理48 h后,互花米草沼渣的骨架结构并未受到破坏,只是某些官能团的结构受到破坏;碱处理后,互花米草沼渣中木质素碎片化,木质素的芳香环结构受到不同程度的破坏,但木质素含量稍有增加;碱处理破坏了互花米草沼渣中纤维素的结晶结构,形成可被厌氧微生物破坏的类似结晶区结构,结晶区的比例增加,纤维素相对含量增加;碱处理后,互花米草沼渣中羧酸盐破坏严重,沼渣中羧基碳含量降低,烷烃类物质也受到一定的破坏,半纤维素相对含量降低;碱处理后,互花米草沼渣中烷基碳和芳香碳含量均降低,烷氧碳含量增加,芳香度降低,表明碱处理后互花米草沼渣的脂肪族特性增强,可生物降解性能提高.     

NaOH处理对互花米草深度气化利用的影响

在实验室条件下,考察了NaOH固相处理用于互花米草中温干式发酵以及一次发酵后沼渣二次发酵的预处理方式的可行性,从产气特性、物质转化等角度进行了系统的分析.结果表明,NaOH处理对互花米草中温干式发酵产气未表现出促进作用,干物质（TS）产气量为358.94 mL/g,仅为CK的92.42%,但甲烷平均含量提高了1.84%...     

NaOH处理对互花米草高温干式厌氧发酵的影响

为了解NaOH处理对互花米草厌氧发酵的影响,在高温（55℃±1℃）和互花米草初始干物质含量为20％条件下,考察了NaOH处理对互花米草厌氧发酵产气特性、物质结构和组成以及发酵后互花米草水浸提液理化特性的影响．结果表明,互花米草经5％NaOH处理后,产气受到明显的抑制,累积产气量仅为CK的76．68％;碱处理配合水洗可有...