地球磁场大面积短暂异常与灾害性天气相关性初探

本文利用全国88个磁观测站提供的1990年10月1日～1991年8月31日期间地球磁场绝对强度值,进行空间线性相关分析,发现1990年11月～1991年1月,部分地区发生地磁异常,即相关系数|r_2|值(乘以因子100后)由正常值明显下降至10～40左右。而4～8个月后,地磁异常区与该地区发生的气象灾害有很好的对应关系.     

An on-line instrument for mobile measurements of the spatial variability of hexavalent and trivalent chromium in urban air

The Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector-long Pathlength Absorbance Spectroscopy (SJAC-LPAS), an on-line continuous instrument for mobile measurements of spatial distribution of water-soluble hexavalent and trivalent chromium in ambient aerosols, has been developed and is presented here. The system collects particles with the SJAC and analyzes the collected sample on-line using the diphenycarbazide (DPC) colorimetric method. By using a Teflon AF (Amorphous Fluoropolymer) liquid core wave guide, the limit of detection has been significantly improved, allowing on-line measurements at ambient concentrations. The limit of detection for Cr(VI) is 0.2 ng m⁻³. Water-soluble Cr(III) can also be measured by oxidizing it to Cr(VI) in a parallel line using hydrogen peroxide before the detection with the DPC method. The concentration of Cr(III) is then determined as the difference between the two lines (Cr(VI) and Cr(VI) plus Cr(III)). The instrument was specifically designed to be used on a mobile platform to study spatial distribution of the pollutant within a city on a scale of 100 m. Special attention was given to the time resolution and the stability of the instrument performance under driving conditions. The time resolution of the instrument is 15 s. At a typical driving speed of 30 km h⁻¹ the instrument can detect variations in chromium concentration (“hot spots”) on the scale of about 150 m. The instrument has proven to operate reliably and capture temporal and spatial variability of Cr(VI) concentration during four mobile measurement campaigns in Wilmington, DE.     

对注册安全工程师定位并充分发挥其作用的探讨

自2002年9月在我国实施注册安全工程师执业资格制度以来,已有11044人获得《中华人民共和国注册安全工程师执业资格证书》。可以预见,今后几年的时间里,将有数万人取得注册安全工程师执业资格。但是,如何解决注册安全工程师的定位问题,如何提高注册安全工程师的地位和充分发挥注册安全工程师的作用,以及如何推进和完善注册安全工程师执业资格制度,仍需继续出台一系列的政策。笔者就注册安全工程师的定位问题以及如何充分发挥注册安全工程师的作用进行了探讨。     

现代石化工业建筑设计的HSE理念

随着社会的进步和石化行业向着高科技高效益的迅猛发展，人们对生存环境和工作环境的质量要求越来越高。通过介绍现代石化建筑的HSE理念，探讨现代石化建筑的设计思想及手法和努力创造“以人为本”具有人性化特征的工作场所，说明现代石化建筑设计应该致力于满足人们对建筑物的安全健康与环境的要求。     

我国环境空间规划制度的研究进展

建立严格的环境空间管控制度,可以破解现阶段城市出现的一系列复合型、区域性和格局性环境问题,对从源头促进"人-城市-自然"和谐发展具有重要意义。为全面梳理环境空间规划制度和弥补其研究发展中的不足,对以环境功能区划、城市环境总体规划和生态保护红线制度为代表的环境空间规划制度的理论、技术与实践进行了较为全面的分析,对现有研究和未来探索提出展望,以期为以环境质量改善和风险防范为指导的环境空间规划制度提供理论依据和实践管理经验,从而全面引导城市的健康可持续发展。     

城市水环境空间规划体系与方法研究

水环境空间规划是城市环境总体规划的一个重要组成部分,文章基于试点城市实践经验和发达国家先进经验,将水环境空间规划按照"控制单元划分-空间分级管控-质量改善策略"三步走的战略进行了梳理。基于控制单元划分结果,对水环境的重要性和敏感性进行评价,划定分级管控方案,以期保护良好的水生态状况。基于大量的控制单元数据分析,明确空间差异化的控制单元质量改善策略。     

城市生态保护红线划定技术研究——以宜昌市为例

划定生态保护红线,是生态文明建设的一项重要任务,对维护国家和区域生态安全及经济社会可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。目前,城市化发展中面临着突出生态环境问题,在城市层面开展生态保护红线的划定工作显得更加紧迫。但现阶段生态保护红线的划分技术上仍处于不断探索与完善阶段。基于此,文章以湖北省宜昌市为例,利用RS和GIS技术,采用"识-评-落-融-分"的技术流程,提出了一套城市生态保护红线体系与划分方法。结果表明:宜昌市生态保护红线体系划分为3个层级:生态保护红线区、生态保护黄线区和生态保护绿线区;生态保护红线区、黄线区和绿线区分别占全市面积的48.83%、31.50%和19.67%。     

Evolution of the chemical-environmental risk of territorial compatibility under the framework of the Seveso Directive: A case study of the autonomous community of Andalusia (southern Spain)

In this work, the evolution of the chemical-environmental risk oriented to the spatial planning in the autonomous community of Andalusia was carried out over the 2002–2012 decade. Indicators for determining the variables representing the risk, such as hazard, vulnerability and proximity, were then defined based on a consequence-based approach analysis risk methodology. A suitable mathematical combination based on spatial analysis methods supported by ArcGIS platform was also applied, which resulted in a quantitative and qualitative risk value and provided the territorial compatibility in the study area for each year. Finally, once the indicators that determine the risk level for 2002 and 2012 were obtained, they were combined in order to find out the risk tendency of the region for the whole decade.     

Biomonitoring airborne parent and alkylated three-ring PAHs in the Greater Cologne Conurbation II: Regional distribution patterns

The spatial distribution of an important air pollutant class, three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (PAH-3), has been monitored for the Greater Cologne Conurbation (GCC) using pine needle as passive samplers. The GCC comprises one of the most heavily populated, trafficked, and industrialized regions in Germany. Here, 71 locations covering 3600 km² were sampled and, for the first time, isopleths maps constructed to investigate the regional variability in PAH-3 concentration and composition. The highest PAH-3 loads on needles (1000-1500 ng g⁻¹) were detected downwind of three lignite fuelled power plants, followed by Cologne City (600-700 ng g⁻¹) and smaller towns (400-600 ng g⁻¹), whereas rural and forest regions yielded PAH-3 loads of 60-300 ng g⁻¹. PAH-3 ratios facilitated source reconciliation, with high dibenzothiophene versus retene values indicating lignite combustion and high 9/(9 + 1)-methylphenanthrene ratios depicting traffic emissions in inner cities. PAH-3 ratios depended on topography and outlined the heavily industrialized Rhine Valley, demonstrating atmospheric dispersal of PAH-3.     

Criminal directionality and the structure of urban form

Spatial criminology has three interrelated elements: place, distance, and direction. Though directionality has had theoretical support for many years, very few empirical verifications of this component of crime have emerged. In this article, we investigate the strength of directionality by comparing a simulated randomized dataset and a large incident-based dataset of repeat offenders. We find strong evidence for a strong presence of directionality in criminal spatial decision-making. This aspect of the spatiality of crime must be considered in any attempts to understand the aetiology of crime.