Morphological Study on Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(tetramethylene succinate) Single Crystals and Spherulites

The morphological changes of Poly(tetramethylene succinate) single crystal lamellae by hydrolysis are investigated, using TEM, WAXD and SAXS. And the morphology of PTMS spherulites was also observed by optical microscopy after treatments as well as single crystal lamellae. The edge region of single crystal lamella can be most easily affected in the initial stage of hydrolysis. As the hydrolysis time increases, the lamellae are separated into small fragments which may be started from the uneven or irregular parts of the surface. The WAXD results showed that crystallinity were increased with increasing of treatment time. The lamellar thickness decreased at the initial stage of hydrolysis and increased again. There were cracks on the surface of spherulites after hydrolysis and the direction of cracks were tangential direction of spherulites. This result was thought to be from the uniformity of molecular arrangement in the crystallographic unit cell.     

Morphology of a Wetland Stream

/ Little attention has been paid to wetland stream morphology in the geomorphological and environmental literature, and in the recently expanding wetland reconstruction field, stream design has been based primarily on stream morphologies typical of nonwetland alluvial environments. Field investigation of a wetland reach of Roaring Brook, Stafford, Connecticut, USA, revealed several significant differences between the morphology of this stream and the typical morphology of nonwetland alluvial streams. Six morphological features of the study reach were examined: bankfull flow, meanders, pools and riffles, thalweg location, straight reaches, and cross-sectional shape. It was found that bankfull flow definitions originating from streams in nonwetland environments did not apply. Unusual features observed in the wetland reach include tight bends and a large axial wavelength to width ratio. A lengthy straight reach exists that exceeds what is typically found in nonwetland alluvial streams. The lack of convex bank point bars in the bends, a greater channel width at riffle locations, an unusual thalweg location, and small form ratios (a deep and narrow channel) were also differences identified. Further study is needed on wetland streams of various regions to determine if differences in morphology between alluvial and wetland environments can be applied in order to improve future designs of wetland channels.KEY WORDS: Stream morphology; Wetland restoration; Wetland creation; Bankfull; Pools and riffles; Meanders; Thalweg     

INFLUENCES OF INCREASED SAND DELIVERY ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF SAND AND GRAVEL CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT A flume study was conducted to examine (1)changes in the particle-size distribution of sediments in riffles due to the proportion of sand in transport and the total rate of bedload transport at the time the riffle is deposited and (2) the effect of high sand transport rates on the stability of gravel riffles. The median particle size of sediment deposited in the riffle was larger than that of the sediment in transport. Small but significant (a = 0.05) decreases in the median particle size of riffle sediments resulted as the sand-to-gravel ratio. Increased concentrations of sand in transport caused previously stable gravel riffles to undergo scour. These results, in combination with information from other studies, suggest that an alluvial channel with pool-riffle sequences and with sand and gravel beds may respond to an increased delivery of sand by reducing form roughness. Form roughness can be reduced by degrading riffles and filling pools. Subsequent responses may be increases in width-to-depth ratio and slope.     

粤港澳大湾区典型潮间带环境多介质中Cd形态空间分布特征及其影响因素

在粤港澳大湾区典型潮间带开展了 14个站位同步采样和观测,分析各采样点表水、孔隙水、悬浮物和沉积物中Cd形态的空间分布特征,并结合环境因子采用统计分析方法探讨不同介质中Cd形态分布差异的影响因素.结果表明,各潮间带环境表水、孔隙水、悬浮物和沉积物中Cd含量范围分别为0.41～15.03 μg·L-1、0.41～27.5...     

载硫活性炭微观结构和表面形态研究

为了增强活性炭脱除燃煤电厂烟气中汞的能力,利用汞和硫可以生成稳定的HgS的性质,研究了通过热沉淀增加了活性炭中的硫含量的改性方法,并以SEM、BET、TGA等方法,研究了改性对活性炭表面形貌、硫在活性炭中的分布、活性炭比表面积等性能的影响。结果表明,热沉淀改性方法可以增加活性炭中的硫含量;硫粘附在活性炭的炭链上量较多,孔壁较少;改性工艺降低了活性炭的比表面积,且改性活性炭的比表面积随着温度的升高而增大;载硫后,活性炭中元素硫和炭的结合被增强。     

Modeling Streams and Hydrogeomorphic Attributes in Oregon From Digital and Field Data1

Abstract: Managers, regulators, and researchers of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly pressed to consider large areas. However, accurate stream maps with geo‐referenced attributes are uncommon over relevant spatial extents. Field inventories provide high‐quality data, particularly for habitat characteristics at fine spatial resolutions (e.g., large wood), but are costly and so cover relatively small areas. Recent availability of regional digital data and Geographic Information Systems software has advanced capabilities to delineate stream networks and estimate coarse‐resolution hydrogeomorphic attributes (e.g., gradient). A spatially comprehensive coverage results, but types of modeled outputs may be limited and their accuracy is typically unknown. Capitalizing on strengths in both field and regional digital data, we modeled a synthetic stream network and a variety of hydrogeomorphic attributes for the Oregon Coastal Province. The synthetic network, encompassing 96,000 km of stream, was derived from digital elevation data. We used high‐resolution but spatially restricted data from field inventories and streamflow gauges to evaluate, calibrate, and interpret hydrogeomorphic attributes modeled from digital elevation and precipitation data. The attributes we chose to model (drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean annual flow, probability of perennial flow, channel gradient, active‐channel width and depth, valley‐floor width, valley‐width index, and valley constraint) have demonstrated value for stream research and management. For most of these attributes, field‐measured, and modeled values were highly correlated, yielding confidence in the modeled outputs. The modeled stream network and attributes have been used for a variety of purposes, including mapping riparian areas, identifying headwater streams likely to transport debris flows, and characterizing the potential of streams to provide high‐quality habitat for salmonids. Our framework and models can be adapted and applied to areas where the necessary field and digital data exist or can be obtained.     

模拟扰动条件下太湖水体悬浮物的结构特性

设计了1个水体扰动模拟实验装置, 通过该装置中的光散射分析仪和图象采集、分析系统,能在线记录底泥受到不同强度扰动时水体中悬浮颗粒物的变化过程.利用该装置,研究了太湖梅梁湾3个采样点的底泥在受到不同强度扰动后,水体浊度变化规律和悬浮颗粒物结构特性.结果表明,底泥含水率及粒度分布对底泥受扰动后再悬浮的潜力有较大影响,含水率越高,再悬浮的潜力越大.随着扰动强度增大,水体的浊度相应增加,水体中悬浮颗粒物中值粒径也增大,分别从6.63, 5.79, 5.51 μm上升到12.49, 11.38, 13.33 μm.悬浮颗粒物图象分析表明,颗粒物在扰动中发生聚集、絮凝过程.颗粒物图象的形态学分析表明,悬浮颗粒物形状呈现分形现象,颗粒物的长短比在1.27～1.52之间,分形维数D₂则在1.72～1.94之间.     

湖南主要地质灾害与地形地貌之关系

湖南是我国地质灾害的高发区,地形地貌类型复杂多样。利用以往的资料、野外调查及G IS技术,结合湖南省地貌图,对湖南主要地质灾害进行分析,绘出灾害点分布图。结果表明:湖南主要地质灾害集中分布于湘西北、湘西、湘南和湘东地区;与低山、低中山、中中山和喀斯特山原等地貌类型关系密切。     

A Method for Evaluating the Morphological Diversity of Strawberry Leaves in Natural Populations

A method for comparing polymorphic characters is proposed. As an example, the morphological diversity of strawberry leaves is evaluated. Initially, the factors determining leaf shape and the main directions of its variation are identified. These directions are used as coordinates outlining the space of possible realizations of the character. The polymorphic sets of real leaves from individual populations differ in being located in different parts of this space.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.