Dust particle sedimentation in the 20 L standard vessel for dust explosion tests

According to the current international standards, to perform the correct evaluation of the explosion and flammability parameters, a uniform distribution of the dust particles should be achieved inside the 20 L and/or 1 m³ standard vessels.CFD simulations have shown that in both standard test vessels (20 L and 1 m³), the dust particles are not uniformly dispersed, being mostly concentrated at the edge of the macro-vortices generated by the injection of the fluid and particle through the nozzle. In addition, only a partial fed of the particles is obtained, and dust particles sedimentation phenomena can occur.As a result, the dust participating to the reactive process may be much lower than the expected nominal concentration in the vessel due to sedimentation and incomplete feeding. Consequently, misleading values of the flammability/explosion parameters could be measured.Particle sedimentation and incomplete feeding depends both on the Stokes number and on the Reynolds number, whereas the concentration distribution depends on the turbulence level, the fluid flow maps, and the number of particles which enter into the vessel through the nozzle.The aim of this work is to evaluate the key parameters (particle size, particle density, and fluid velocity) affecting sedimentation and incomplete feeding in 20 L vessel. To this end, CFD simulations of dust dispersion are performed at varying the particle density and size. Operating maps, in terms of the key parameters and/or their dimensionless combinations, are developed and a correlation for correction of the data is proposed.     

多孔吸声材料流阻测试实践介绍

本文简单介绍多孔吸声材料流阻测试的初步实践,以促进同行交流。     

高海拔环境下离心风机性能数值模拟研究*

为研究高海拔环境下离心风机的运行性能规律,采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对海拔高度分别为0,1 000,2 000,3 000,4 000和5 000 m条件下的离心风机流场及性能进行三维数值模拟。研究结果表明:相同工况风量条件下,风机内部流场形态不受海拔高度影响,但随着海拔的升高,内流场各处压力绝对值均减小,风机叶片载荷减小,风机蜗壳出口压力及轴功率均大致呈线性趋势降低,海拔每升高1 000 m,风机输出全压及静压分别降低9.3%及9.1%左右,轴功率降低9.0%左右。离心风机效率受海拔高度影响较小,模拟结果表明,各工况条件下,海拔每升高1 000 m,风机全压及静压效率分别平均降低0.21%和0.29%左右。研究为保证高海拔地区离心风机的高效运转及风机选型提供理论参考。     

Global assessment of the biodiversity safeguards of development banks that finance infrastructure

Infrastructure development is a major driver of biodiversity loss globally. With upward of US$2.5 trillion in annual investments in infrastructure, the financial sector indirectly drives this biodiversity loss. At the same time, biodiversity safeguards (project-level biodiversity impact mitigation requirements) of infrastructure financiers can help limit this damage. The coverage and harmonization of biodiversity safeguards are important factors in their effectiveness and therefore warrant scrutiny. It is equally important to examine the extent to which these safeguards align with best-practice principles for biodiversity impact mitigation outlined in international policies, such as that of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We assessed the biodiversity safeguards of public development banks and development finance institutions for coverage, harmonization, and alignment with best practice. We used Institute of New Structural Economics and Agence Française de Développement's global database to identify development banks that invest in high-biodiversity-footprint infrastructure and have over US$500 million in assets. Of the 155 banks, 42% (n = 65) had biodiversity safeguards. Of the existing safeguards, 86% (56 of 65) were harmonized with International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standard 6 (PS6). The IFC PS6 (and by extension the 56 safeguard policies harmonized with it) had high alignment with international best practice in biodiversity impact mitigation, whereas the remaining 8 exhibited partial alignment, incorporating few principles that clarify the conditions for effective biodiversity offsetting. Given their dual role in setting benchmarks and leveraging private finance, infrastructure financiers in development finance need to adopt best-practice biodiversity safeguards if the tide of global biodiversity loss is to be stemmed. The IFC PS6, if strengthened, can act as a useful template for other financier safeguards. The high degree of harmonization among safeguards is promising, pointing to a potential for diffusion of practices.     

深孔爆破孔底充填缓冲吸能材料减震试验研究

通过对影响爆破震波各种主要因素的分析,针对深孔爆破采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料,来削减炸药爆炸在孔底的冲击压力和吸收部分能量,从而达到降低爆破震动对周边建(构)物影响的目的。并进行现场爆破试验,对爆破震动波进行测试,同时对减震爆破装药和非减震的常规爆破装药进行比较,获得的测试数据证明,采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料其减震率达到3.23%～35.19%。     

抗静电纺织品的测试标准浅析与探讨

本文阐述了目前抗静电纺织品的发展现状和主流开发技术路线,结合常用的纺织品抗静电性能测试方法和技术,浅析了目前我国的抗静电纺织品检测标准和方法,探讨了一些技术细节和常见问题。     

环境标准物质探讨及含有干扰组分的COD标准物质的研制

很多标准物质与环境实际样品在基体组成上存在着很大差异．因此在环境监测中仅仅使用基体纯净的标准物质不能完全有效地进行质量控制,根据上述问题,本文介绍了含有干扰组分的COD标准物质的研制与应用。      

毛细管GC/FID法测定空气中甲硫醇实验研究

研究了空气中甲硫醇（ＣＨ３ＳＨ）的采样,液氮冷冻浓缩,热解吸和毛细管柱ＧＣ／ＦＩＤ的色谱分离分析方法,在选定条件下,线性范围为０．２－２００μｇ检测下限约０．２μｇ,回收率为９２．６％,重复实验变异系数３．２％,可以满足空气中ＣＨ３ＳＨ的测定,应用于某城市污水厂及污水沟周围空气中甲硫醇的测定,并以ＣＨ３ＳＨ为代表计算了空气的恶臭度,其分布规律可以得到合理的解释,取得了较为满意的结果。     

飞行器隔热瓦1200℃性能测试中接触热阻影响仿真与验证

目的 建立统一的飞行器隔热材料性能测试标准。方法 利用数值方法对飞行器隔热瓦1 200℃热环境性能测试中的传热模型进行计算。设计3种不同热导率和表面粗糙度的绝热材料隔热性能对比试验。在考虑接触面间凹凸点完全接触导热、接触间隙介质导热和相邻界面辐射传热联合作用时,能够获得与实测数据基本一致的计算结果。结果 试验证明,接触热阻是导致实测数据与理想传热结果相悖的主要原因。获得了接触热阻条件下热扩散系数随传热过程的变化关系,定量得到了相同测试条件下给定的3种不同热导率与粗糙度底部绝热材料对隔热性能测试结果的影响。结论 测试结果存在较大偏差的主要原因是表面粗糙度所致,两接触面在高温条件下更有利于热流传播。研究结果可为飞行器热防护系统设计与性能考核试验方案的确定提供重要参考依据。     

典型建筑装饰材料热释放速率全尺寸火灾实验研究

ISO ROOM 9705火灾实验方法是一种全尺寸实验方法，主要研究室内建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。该实验方法能够模拟真实的火灾条件，因此测试结果比较可靠。该文首先介绍了ISO ROOM实验方法的原理和主要的实验装置，然后通过测量只在壁面装有建筑装饰材料和不同实验条件(包括不同的火源功率和不同的通风状况)下建筑装饰材料的热释放速率(Heat Release Rate)，研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性。选取的两种典型建筑装饰材料是木工板和九合板。最后通过对比和分析实验数据，得出了一些结论，研究结果对于进一步研究建筑装饰材料的火灾特性具有重要意义。