Online solid phase preconcentration using EGDMA–MAA copolymer for lead determination by FAAS

A Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) methacrylic acid (MAA) resin was used for preconcentration of lead at trace levels in water samples. For this purpose, a flow-injection, solid phase extraction method was developed for the determination of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead ions were sorbed on a EGDMA–MAA column at pH 4, followed by an elution step using 288 µL of 4.0 M nitric acid solution and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Optimum conditions for quantitative sorption involving the pH, sample volume, loading and elution flow rates, eluent type, and volume were investigated. A 868-fold enrichment factor could be reached. The detection limit for the water samples, estimated from the noise on the signal obtained for 250 mL of 10 µg L^?1 loaded at 4.9 mL min^?1 was 1.04 µg L^?1. The method was applied for lead determination in river water samples collected in Edirne, Turkey. Recoveries of spiked solutions (10 µg L^?1) to river water samples were quantitative. Finally, the method was validated by the analysis of certified reference material SRM 2704 (Buffalo River Sediment).     

Preconcentration of tin in environmental and biological samples by ion exchange using modified Amberlite XAD-2

Utilization of Amberlite XAD-2 surface modified by covalent immobilization of brilliant green through an azo spacer for adsorptive enrichment of Sn(II) from environmental and biological samples was highlighted. The resulting resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The resin retained Sn(II) ions at an optimum pH of 9.5 with a sorption capacity of 40 mg g^?1. The modified sorbent could be reused for 10 cycles without significant changes in sorption capacity. The recovery of Sn(II) was 98% when eluted with 0.1 mol L^?1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Scatchard analysis revealed that binding sites in the modified resin were homogeneous. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The method was applied with satisfactory results for determination of Sn(II) ions in human plasma and sea water.     

Practices,attitudes and motives for domestic waste recycling

SUMMARY

Solid household waste management in Malaysia has reached a critical stage. Increasing population, urbanization and changing patterns of lifestyle have instigated the phenomenon. The 15 000 tonnes of garbage produced daily are thrown into 230 landfills nationwide, where 80% of them have only two years of life span left. Although recycling programmes were launched as early as 1990, only 5% of the wastes are recycled. The purpose of the present research was to ascertain the current management of household solid waste, attitude and motivational factors towards recycling. Data were collected using interview survey on 150 households in an urban residential area. The findings demonstrated that the respondents had very low awareness and knowledge regarding local domestic waste management. Separation of organic and non-organic wastes was rarely practised by 76% of the respondents. Most waste was thrown away, except for newspaper and aluminium cans which were regularly recycled, while furniture, and electrical items were reused by giving away or trading-in. The attitude of the respondents towards recycling was modest. Of the five motivational factors, intrinsic satisfaction and individual commitment were more important reasons for recycling than convenience, economic motivation and societal commitment. The results of the study indicated that, in order to overcome the solid waste crisis, the conscience of the individual needs to be raised through environmental awareness and concern, inculcation of sustainable consumption practices and education on waste management.     

水中痕量阿特拉津的测定方法研究

采用固相萃取与高效液相色谱结合的方法测定了水样中痕量阿特拉津的含量,研究了最佳固相萃取条件:选择洗脱液为乙腈,过样流速为5.0 mL/min。最佳的色谱条件:流动相为乙腈和水,温度为25℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为222 nm。阿特拉津质量浓度在0.05～5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,回归方程y=219.71x+2.2343,回收率平均值为98.46%,将该方法应用于实际环境水样的分析测定,操作简单,结果准确。     

生活垃圾机械-生物预处理工艺优化

以宜昌市垃圾综合处理场为例,分析了通风量和水分对生物预处理的影响,进而优化生物预处理的实际应用工艺。实验结果表明:通风量与水分对预处理过程中堆体温度、pH、堆高变化影响明显,对挥发分变化影响不明显。选取每30 min风机送风8 min的通风方式,处理之前调整垃圾水分在40%～50%之间,可以取得较好的预处理效果。     

固体废料的资源化与生态工业

阐述了固体废料资源化的有效途径和国内外现状,介绍了部分常见固体废料的产生及排放,并用生态工业的理论和观点分析论述了固体废料资源化的作用和意义。固体废料资源化不仅可解决固体废料排放问题,保护环境不受污染．还能形成新的产业链,使生态工业成为现实,产生较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

垃圾块体填埋法及其应用前景

分析了垃圾排弃的现状、危害、潜在价值及现有的垃圾处理方法,提出创新垃圾处理方法势在必行。与已有的垃圾处理方法比较,垃圾块体填埋法有自己的特点,以社区为单元的垃圾源头分类投放、收集和预处理,能使垃圾实现分类化处理;通过垃圾中可回收废物的回收利用,能使垃圾最大限度资源化;通过垃圾分类粉碎、脱水、压缩成块体,使垃圾有效地减量化;经过消毒、分类堆砌有助于垃圾填埋场地的分类管理和安全监控,使垃圾处理基本无害化;回收、堆肥、焚烧、填埋,使垃圾处理综合化;填埋场的复垦与开发利用,使垃圾处理环保化。该方法的推广应用,可使垃圾处理无害化、减量化、资源化和市场化目标得以实现。     

Solid phase extraction of Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), and Fe (III) ions in water samples using salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone on Amberlite XAD-4 and their determinations by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A multi element preconcentration procedure for solid phase extraction on Amberlite XAD-4 as their salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone chelates and flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of some trace metal ions in water samples are proposed in this work. The influences of some analytical parameters, including pH of aqueous solution, amounts of reagent, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, and sample volume on the quantitative recoveries of copper, nickel, cobalt, and iron were investigated. The effects of concomitant ions on the retentions of the analytes were also examined. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of metal ions in some real samples, including, tap water, river water, spring water, and waste water.     

CaO对城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的影响

为高效资源化利用城市生活垃圾,提出了一种城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气方法. 在城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化过程中添加CaO,对CO₂进行高温吸收,促进H₂产生. 考察了n(Ca)/n(C)(CaO与垃圾原料中碳元素的摩尔比)、反应温度及垃圾含水率等因素对H₂产率以及气化特性的影响. 结果表明:随着n(Ca)/n(C)由0增至1.5,φ(H₂)和H₂产率(以w计)分别由25.89%、10.86g/kg增至45.90%、31.56g/kg;水蒸气的引入提高了CaO的碳酸化反应活性,促进了H₂的产生,但当含水率高于39.45%时,则会降低产气品质;反应温度高于750℃时,虽能强化城市生活垃圾、焦油的热分解等反应产生更多的H₂,但不利于CaO的碳酸化反应,最佳的操作温度为700～750℃;对固体残留物进行XRD和SEM分析可知,反应温度高于750℃会降低CaO的活性,不利于CaO对CO₂的吸收. 以CaO为添加剂的城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气是一种有效的城市生活垃圾资源化利用方式.      

2种BDPs固相反硝化的脱氮效果对比

利用批量和连续流填充床试验对比了2种BDPs(可生物降解聚合物)——PBS(聚丁二酸丁二醇酯)和PCL(聚ε-己内酯)的反硝化效果. 批量试验结果表明,在脱氮稳定阶段,B1(PCL)和B2(PBS)对TN的平均去除率和反硝化速率分别为97.4%、67.0%和7.5、1.8 mg/(L·h),B2均明显优于B1. 连续流试验中,在进水ρ(NO₃--N)为16.8～18.8 mg/L、HRT(水力停留时间)为4.0 h的条件下,L1(PCL填充床)的反硝化速率大于L2(PBS填充床). 但是随着HRT的减小,L1呈现出比L2更快的反硝化速率. L2和L1分别在HRT为2.0和1.5 h时获得最大反硝化速率,分别为7.7和9.3 mg/(L·h). ESEM(环境扫描电子显微镜)观察结果表明,生物膜剥离后,PCL和PBS颗粒表面均出现大量的坑洞,并且PCL颗粒表面坑洞的密集程度远大于PBS. 三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)分析结果表明,L2和L1出水中的溶解性有机物主要为类色氨酸这类简单的蛋白质和SMP(溶解性微生物代谢产物),并且L1水中SMP的荧光峰强度明显高于L2.