垃圾焚烧飞灰中Pb及特征药剂稳定化处理

筛选几种重金属药剂用于稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰,以重金属Pb为处理目标,通过单一或复配形式研究药剂的稳定效果并采用红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析重金属稳定机理.结果表明,有机药剂稳定后Pb的螯合率高于无机药剂,投加质量分数为2%二乙基DTC能使Pb的浸出满足危险废物填埋污染控制标准（GB 18598-2019）要求,然而5%的硫化钠和磷酸二氢钠稳定后Pb的浸出浓度仍不达标;药剂处理后,Pb的部分不稳定态被转化为稳定态,且相比于无机药剂,有机药剂稳定后Pb的残渣态占比更高,抗酸碱能力更强;无机药剂处理后Pb的浸出性与养护时间成负相关,而有机药剂则由于特征官能团的氧化等因素而成正相关.成本核算结果表明,0.9%二乙基DTC和3%磷酸二氢钠复合药剂稳定飞灰在满足GB 18598-2019要求的基础上,成本相比于单一二乙基DTC处理降低26.72%.复合药剂处理后,飞灰中出现了N、S、P的特征吸收峰,重金属主要以螯合、沉淀作用稳定,同时整个体系的矿物组成并未发生改变,但结晶相的吸收峰强度明显减弱.     

微介复合固体酸β分子筛催化芳烃硝化合成研究

研究了多级孔道β分子筛催化剂对芳烃(氯苯)的硝化反应,显示具有优异的催化作用。在以硝酸为硝化剂,氯苯∶催化剂=3∶1,60℃反应2 h条件下,对比传统β分子筛,自制多级孔道β分子筛的催化活性较高,且氯苯的对位选择性均有所提高,对位/邻位比分别从0.5提高到1.2。多级孔道β分子筛催化剂重复使用5次,催化活性保持稳定,且随着孔道比表面积增加,催化剂稳定性更好。     

基于病毒防护的填埋场隔离距离研究

为研究渗滤液中致病性病毒对填埋场隔离距离的影响,提出一种基于系统健康风险目标的建模方法,用于确定地下水梯度、水力传导系数和包气带厚度对隔离距离的影响,基于线性剂量-效应模型和可接受的感染风险[<10^-4/（人·a）]推导确定了饮用水肠道病毒浓度限值,通过耦合渗漏源强模型-以及水流和病毒在包气带中的纵向迁移转化和含水层中的水平迁移转化模型,构建了污染物泄露-迁移-降解的解析模型,并基于Monte-Carlo模拟表征解析模型中参数的不确定性.选择某典型生活垃圾填埋场开展案例研究,结果表明,在砂含水层中为44~564m,在砾石含水层中为91m~2.39km,在粗砾石含水层中为1.74~27.29km;地下水梯度从0.001变化到0.05,导致最高梯度处的隔离距离比最低梯度大10~20倍;当包气带厚度从1m增加到10m时,隔离距离可缩短到10m以内.隔离距离的确定需根据具体的安全防护要求和水文地质条件确定.     

Environmental sustainability assessment in the process industry: A case study of waste-to-energy plants in Spain

This study proposes a technical procedure based on a life cycle approach for implementation of the environmental sustainability assessment (ESA) of several waste-to-energy (WtE) plants located in Spain. This methodology uses two main variables: the natural resources sustainability (NRS) and the environmental burdens sustainability (EBS). NRS includes the consumption of energy, materials, and water, whereas EBS considers five burdens to air, five burdens to water, and two burdens to land. To reduce the complexity of ESA, all variables were normalised and weighted using the threshold values proposed in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register regulation. The results showed the plants studied had a greater consumption of natural resources than Spain, ranging from 1.1 to 2.0 times higher than the Spanish reference consumption. The comparison of Spain with the BREF reference on waste incineration showed that only in the variable related to materials, did Spain have a lower consumption (1.80 times lower). In terms of EBS, air and land impacts were the highest contributors to global burden. The WtE plants presented higher burdens to air and water than Spain, whereas only one plant exceeded the average burden to land of Spain. Finally, this paper demonstrated the usefulness of the ESA methodology to reduce the complexity of LCA and assist the decision-making process in choosing the best option from an environmental point of view. This procedure can be used to obtain an overview of the environmental performance of WtE plants, as well as to assess individual burdens and thereby determine the main environmental hotspots, thereby improving the critical points of the process.     

新型脱模剂在生产中的安全性研究

目的 分析新型脱模剂(B脱模剂)在生产过程中应用的安全性能。方法 从新型脱模剂的成分、稳定性与安全方面入手,借助红外检测、DSC热分析、溶解度测试等测试方法,从理论上验证新型脱模剂的安全性能。在不同型号上应用聚氨酯脱模剂(A脱模剂)与B脱模剂,对比分析2种脱模剂在生产过程中的脱模力及固体发动机的燃速,探究其工艺性能及其对发动机燃速的影响,从实际应用方面验证新型脱模剂在固体发动机生产中的可靠性。结果 通过对比分析2种脱模剂的红外谱图、DSC谱图及溶解度,发现B脱模剂的有效成分与A脱模剂相同,且B脱模剂具有良好的热稳定性。B脱模剂的工艺性能结果显示,它具有良好的成模性。使用2种脱模剂测试其脱模力及燃速,发现B脱模剂能大幅度降低生产过程中的脱模力,并且对燃速没有影响。结论 B脱模剂在固体发动机生产过程中具有良好的安全性能,可以推广使用。     

城市固废好氧加速稳定及碳氮迁移试验研究

选取上海市老港填埋场3~4a垃圾做室内强制通风单元体试验,监测固、液、气三相成分变化,并对有机污染负荷的削减规律以及碳、氮元素的迁移规律进行分析与研究.结果表明,固相纤维素/木质素(C/L)值从初始0.8降至0.4以下,固相中BDM、TOC、TN也有降低,固相指标降解速率呈现前期大后期小的特点,且上层垃圾降解程度更大.液相pH值、EC维持在固定区间,有机污染负荷得到了极大地削减,在整个试验期间,TOC、COD、BOD降解率分别达97%、94%、94%,TN、NH₄-N的降解率分别达到95%、94%.试验期间,累积CO₂释放量6.7kg,累计N₂释放量0.75kg.C/L值、降解稳定化归一指标β可作为固相垃圾稳定化程度判定指标,BOD/COD、NH₄-N/TN值可作为液相中可降解物质稳定化程度判定指标.根据质量守恒原理,对试验过程中碳、氮元素的迁移进行了分析.固相累积损失C质量2.09kg,液相累积流失C质量0.14kg,CO₂累积释放C质量1.83kg.固相累积损失N质量0.62kg,液相累积流失N质量0.08kg,N₂累积释放N质量0.75kg.降解基本结束后,固相中仍然残存着大量的不可降解或者难降解的含碳及含氮化合物.     

生活垃圾腐殖土物化性质及资源化利用途径——以浙江省某高龄期填埋场为例

以填埋龄期23~37a、粒径<15mm腐殖土为对象,测试分析了其物质组成、理化性质和浸出液性质.测试与分析结果表明:腐殖土中粒径范围2~15mm、0.075~2mm和<0.075mm的组分分别占比42.9%~53.9%、40.9%~44.1%和5.1%~13.0%,属于细粒砂土;随着填埋龄期增加,腐殖土特征粒径d₅₀和d₁₀呈现减小趋势,比重明显增大,并在30a后趋于稳定.腐殖土中有机质含量(18.1%~19.1%,)、氮磷钾含量、浸出液pH值(7.26~8.30)及电导率(1.08~2.51mS/cm)等指标均满足国家现行《绿化用有机基质》要求.腐殖土中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr含量均超出国家现行《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》、《绿化种植土壤》和《绿化用有机基质》的标准要求,内梅罗综合污染指数高达15.48~17.95,属于重度污染类型,且重金属主要富集在粒径<2mm的细颗粒.建议将腐殖土进一步精细化筛分为粒径2~15mm与粒径<2mm两部分,针对粒径<2mm部分采用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀等技术,降低重金属浸出浓度.处理后的腐殖土可作为园林绿化、填埋场覆盖以及废弃矿山修复的绿化土层.     

树脂基固态胺吸附材料的选择性CO2吸附性能

基于简单的湿浸渍法将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)有效负载到多孔树脂(HP20)中,制备获得树脂基固态胺吸附材料,并探究了PEI负载量(30%~60%)、吸附温度(30~90℃)和压力(2~100kPa)对材料CO₂吸附性能的影响.研究表明树脂基固态胺吸附材料的最佳PEI负载量为50%,过量的PEI会致使材料CO₂吸附容量和胺基利用效率的显著降低.所筛选的材料在较低或较高的CO₂分压范围内均能展现出优异的CO₂吸附性能,在30℃下的CO₂吸附容量达到3.06~3.78mmol/g,表明该材料在不同CO₂分压的多种碳捕集应用中均有着较好的适用性.此外,树脂基固态胺吸附材料的CO₂/CH₄和CO₂/N₂选择性在2~100kPa的压力范围内分别有262~5858和708~11551,在各类传统或新兴的固体吸附材料中处于较高水平.     

Safety relief analysis for methanol-acetic anhydride system by stationary methods and dynamic simulation

The Leung method proposed by the Design Institute of Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) is widely used in the design of relief systems involving two-phase flow. However, this method is not always suitable for all the situations. The calculating results may be unacceptably large, especially under high overpressure. To aid selection of appropriate vent sizing methods, a typical vapor system experiment (esterification of methanol-acetic and anhydride) was conducted by the vent sizing unit (VSU) of accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). Seven different stationary methods were used to calculate the venting size under overpressure of 10%, 20%, 50%, 100% and 200%. Through the systematic comparison of different methods, a conservatism order of stationary methods was summarized as well as the selecting principles for these methods were discussed. Process simulation was also applied to investigate the relationship between reactor temperature/pressure and its relief size, which could be used in the prediction of vent size in vapor system conveniently without complex calculating procedure.     

Research on distribution performance of desert sand for heat storage in downcomer

In this research, desert sand is used as the sensible heat storage medium, which exchanges heat with air in the downcomer to realize heat storage and heat release. The desert sand distribution uniformity has a significant impact on the heat exchange performance and efficiency between desert sand and air for the process of convection in the downcomer. Given the superiority of sensible heat storage in convective heat transfer between desert sand and air, distributors with cylinder or conical bore solid particles and homogeneity performance testing device are designed and manufactured on the basis of convection system equipped with solid particle–air downcomer. Then, the convection experiment between solid sand and air is researched. The greater the desert sand flow rate and higher the volume density, the larger the variance of regional mass flow rate and the worse the homogeneity performance. For the cylinder bore distributor, the smaller the sand particle size is, the greater affected the sand groups can be. The sand homogeneity performance is preferable with the two particle size ranges: 0.18-0.25 mm and 0.15-0.18 mm. The total sand flow rate decreases, but the uniformity improves with the increase of the air flow velocity, and the best distribution performance is achieved at an air velocity of 0.6 m/s. However, the distribution performance declines with the air flow velocity persistently increasing because the sand groups are pushed to one pipe side close to the wall. The sand groups deflect seriously with the air flow velocity increasing.