微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定堆肥中微量镉、锌和铜

研究并确定了微波消解堆肥的最佳条件,应用原子吸收与数据导数处理系统相结合方法解决了堆肥体系中微量金属Cd.Zn和Cu的测定问题,对应元素的灵敏度可提高一个数量级.检出限均有不同程度的降低,从而极大提高分析的准确度.同时对堆肥实际样品进行加标回收实验,测定了堆肥样品中金属的回收率,其回收率分别在99.5%-102.0%、98.7%-99.1%和98.8%-104.0%之间.实验结果显示,该方法快速、准确、可信.     

Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments

In this study we have worked on the evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the sediments taken from the Tisza River and its tributaries, and thereby used the sequential extraction method, geochemical normalization, the calculation of the enrichment factor (EF), and the methods of statistical analysis. The chemical fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Fe, and Mn, carried out by using the modified Tessier method, points to different substrates and binding mechanisms of Cu, Zn and Pb in sediments of the tributaries and sediments of the Tisza River. The similarities in the distributions of Fe and Ni in all types of sediments are the result of geochemical similarity as well as of the fact that natural sources mainly affect the concentration levels of these elements. The calculated enrichment factors (EF, measured metal vs. background concentrations) indicated that metal contamination (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr) was recorded in the sediments of the Tisza River, while no indications of pollution were detected in the tributaries of the Tisza River and the surrounding pools. The maximum values of the EF were close to 6 for Cu and Pb (moderately severe enrichment) and close to 4.5 for Zn (indicating moderate enrichment). It can be said that the Tisza River is slightly to moderately severely polluted with Cu, Zn, and Pb, and minorly polluted with Cr. It is concluded that sediments of the Tisza serve as a repository for heavy metal accumulation from adjacent urban and industrial areas.     

Survey on environmental monitoring requirements of European ports

A group of 26 European ports was interviewed to understand their requirements for environmental information and to establish how widespread the use of Earth Observation (EO) data was amongst them. Aspects covered by the research included port profile characterisation, environmental management activities, environmental needs and current monitoring practices. The study reflected the diversity amongst European ports and their environmental performances. Most of the ports were publicly owned and located in estuaries and rivers. General cargo was the most popular commodity handled. Practically all the ports had an environmental policy in place and half of them had been accredited by an external body. The main environmental parameters that ports required to be monitored were marine related issues (currents, waves and tide), water quality, meteorological parameters, turbidity and sediment processes. The principal driver for monitoring was maintaining key port operations, followed by legislation, and local responsibilities. Ports in general collected their own data in situ and only one-third had used remotely sensed data (data from Earth Observation satellites or from airplane mounted sensors) for environmental purposes. Half of them used computer modelling. This study was conducted within the framework of the European funded port environmental information collector project (PEARL).     

Assessing human-induced pressures on coastal areas with publicly available data

The assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal area is essential to target management plans effectively, and moreover is required by the EU Water Framework Directive. A simple and cost-effective assessment of human-induced pressures on the coastal zone is applied using two methodologies: a qualitative visual assessment which uses satellite images; and a quantitative assessment based on governmental census data. These methods are applied to defined areas (23 areas) of four Italian regions: Liguria, Tuscany, Latium and Sardinia. The results show a high agreement (83%) between these two methods, in which only four of the 23 areas are classified differently. These differences may mainly be ascribed to the qualitative or quantitative properties of the methods, and to the different geographical units adopted. These characteristics however provide complementary information, which suggests that the application of both proposed methods confirms reliability and allows fine-tuning of the assessment. The pressure assessment proposed is simple, time and cost-effective, and repeatable over time and space. It therefore can be applied in different contexts to respond to legislative requirements or to target management plans and remedial actions effectively.     

Multi-Destination and Multi-Purpose Trip Effects in the Analysis of the Demand for Trips to a Remote Recreational Site

One of the basic assumptions of the travel cost method for recreational demand analysis is that the travel cost is always incurred for a single purpose recreational trip. Several studies have skirted around the issue with simplifying assumptions and dropping observations considered as nonconventional holiday-makers or as nontraditional visitors from the sample. The effect of such simplifications on the benefit estimates remains conjectural. Given the remoteness of notable recreational parks, multi-destination or multi-purpose trips are not uncommon. This article examines the consequences of allocating travel costs to a recreational site when some trips were taken for purposes other than recreation and/or included visits to other recreational sites. Using a multi-purpose weighting approach on data from Gros Morne National Park, Canada, we conclude that a proper correction for multi-destination or multi-purpose trip is more of what is needed to avoid potential biases in the estimated effects of the price (travel-cost) variable and of the income variable in the trip generation equation.     

在役长输管道动态数据源组件(ADO)技术在剩余强度安全评定系统中的实现

采用Borland C++builder6.0开发工具,以英国标准BS7910剩余强度评价规范为蓝本,并结合实际应用特点,提出动态数据源组件(ADO)技术在该案例的应用,开发适用于以平面型缺陷为主的剩余强度安全评价系统。解决在役长输管道剩余强度安全评定系统中复杂数据的科学转换,实现软件接口的高效、通用性数据访问。根据评定结果与实际实验数据对比表明,该应用与实际误差达到工程检测设计标准。     

飞行数据可视化技术研究

针对航空器事故调查和不安全事件分析的结果及改进的需要,研究基于FDR/QAR/DAR/CVR的数据可视化技术。提出基于飞行仪表布局语言(FILL)的仪表模型构建与驱动的技术方案,解决FDR/QAR/DAR记录数据的导入与修正处理、不同分辨率三维地形的生成与显示以及飞行数据与驾驶舱话音同步播放等问题。实践证明,利用数据可视化技术所构建的包括飞机、航迹、仪表、地形、跑道、航图等元素的三维图形飞行环境集成再现了飞行过程,为事故调查和事件分析提供了科学有效的辅助分析工具。     

事故预测数学模型的研究与实践

依据收集统计的、真实可靠的事故数据,运用数学方法及建立的多种事故预测模型,在工作中理论与实际相结合,提出并建立了事故预测数学模型,给出具体方法与步骤,以及应用中应遵循的原则和规律,从而做到对将来发生的事故未卜先知,用以指导安全生产活动,预防事故发生。同时,根据我国近18年来各类事故死亡人员的数据建立事故预测数学模型,并运用确立的最佳事故预测数学模型而预测出的事故数据,探讨我国伤亡事故发生的趋势。     

我国信息系统数据结构标准对比研究

数据结构是信息系统的核心,建立数据结构标准是建立高效、统一、高度共享的信息系统的重要保障。本文介绍了我国信息系统数据结构标准的研究进展,并对信息系统数据结构标准从建立的时间、分布的行业和内部的数据元属性三个不同的角度进行了对比研究,总结发现了目前我国信息系统存在的主要问题、以及数据结构标准在信息系统建设和促进数据共享中所起的重要作用以及存在的主要矛盾,并提出了针对作业场所职业危害监管信息系统基础数据结构标准化过程中可能存在的主要问题以及拟采用的解决方法。     

作业场所职业危害基础数据标准设计

作业场所职业危害基础信息数据标准是避免信息孤岛现象,促进数据共享和作业场所职业危害相关信息系统建设的重要基础。本文介绍了数据元的主要分类方法,并采用面分类方法和线分类方法相结合的方法对作业场所职业危害基础信息数据进行分类,通过面分类方法设计了合理的作业场所职业危害基础信息数据元对象类,通过线分类方法将作业场所职业危害基础信息数据元划分到不同的对象类下,并阐述了作业场所职业危害基础信息数据标准设计的内容和方法。