UV工艺降解阿特拉津机理及对DBPFP的影响规律

对不同UV光氧化工艺降解水溶液中阿特拉津（ATZ）的动力学和机理,以及对后续氯化处理过程中溶液需氯量和消毒副产物生成势（DBPFP）的影响规律与机理进行了系统研究.结果表明,ATZ在不同UV光氧化工艺中的降解均符合准一级反应动力学.ATZ在单独UV辐照工艺中的去除效率相对较低;UV/H₂O₂工艺对ATZ具有相对较高的去除效率,且其去除率随H₂O₂浓度的增大呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势;UV/TiO₂工艺降解去除ATZ的效率较单独UV辐照和UV/H₂O₂工艺低,ATZ在UV/TiO₂工艺中的降解与溶液透光率和氧化活性物种（ROS）生成量存在直接关系;UV/H₂O₂/TiO₂工艺中,ATZ的降解速率较UV/TiO₂工艺有所提高.ATZ水溶液经不同UV光氧化工艺预处理和氯化处理后,均检出了5种消毒副产物（DBPs）,其中三氯甲烷（TCM）和三氯丙酮（TCP）为主要氯化DBPs.本研究表明,在不同UV光氧化预处理过程中,ATZ具有不同的降解路径,进而对ATZ水溶液在后续氯化过程中的DBPPF产生显著影响.     

浙江省H市供水系统消毒副产物及其健康风险评价

以浙江省H市供水系统为调查对象,采用配有电子捕获器的气相色谱(GC-ECD)检测2座水厂及相应供水管网中18种消毒副产物(DBPs)的含量,深入探讨了DBPs导致的饮用水健康风险及前体物指标与各类DBPs的相关性.结果发现H市饮用水中检出三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤乙腈(HANs)和三氯硝基甲烷(HNMs)等类消毒副产物,THMs含量最高,HAAs次之.CX水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为7. 70～32. 73μg·L~(-1)和9. 00～51. 42μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为3. 05～21. 30μg·L~(-1)和6. 00～26. 79μg·L~(-1). TH水厂出水和供水管网中THMs分别为8. 65～38. 76μg·L~(-1)和12. 09～42. 04μg·L~(-1),HAAs分别为2. 42～14. 79μg·L~(-1)和2. 80～33. 40μg·L~(-1),2家水厂出厂水和供水管网中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006).采用溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254表征水样有机物,分析有机物与DBPs的相关性,发现管网水中三氯甲烷(TCM)与DOC和UV254呈显著负相关性.基于EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对经口摄取途径时氯消毒副产物的致癌和非致癌风险进行计算,发现H市出厂水和管网水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险分别为5. 94×10-6～4. 76×10-5和5. 94×10-6～5. 56×10-5,非致癌风险分别为0. 91×10-2～4. 20×10-2和1. 26×10-2～4. 72×10-2.致癌风险主要来自THMs,一溴二氯甲烷(BDCM)贡献了最高的致癌风险,非致癌风险主要来自TCM.     

改性高岭土对水源水的混凝消毒作用的研究

采用天然高岭土为原料 ,加入一定量的 Al2 O3、Si O2 和 Fe2 O3,经与 Na2 CO3、KCl O3混合 ,高温 (75 0～ 85 0℃ )固相反应约 3h后制得改性高岭土。本文研究了改性高岭土的不同 Al/ Si摩尔比、p H值和投加量对水源水的混凝絮凝除浊和杀菌效果的影响。结果表明 :改性高岭土在 p H值在 6 .5～ 8.5 ,对水源水的除浊消毒效果较好 ,Al/ Si摩尔比为 5 .0(Al∶ 10 .5 %、Si∶ 2 .1%、Fe∶ 3.8% ) ,剂量 2 0 0 ppm时 ,净化水的浊度 <2 .5 NTU,细菌菌落数 2 3个 / ml,总大肠菌群 <3个 / L ,均达到国家饮用水标准。 p H为 10 .5以上几乎无除浊效果     

Characterisation of dissolved organic matter in stormwater using high-performance size exclusion chromatography

Understanding the complexity of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in stormwater has drawn a lot of interest,since DOM from stormwater causes not only environmental impacts,but also worsens downstream aquatic quality associated with water supply and treatability.This study introduced and employed high-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC)coupled with an ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis)diode array detector to assess changes in stormwater-associated DOM characteristics.Stormwater DOM was also analysed in relation to storm event characteristics,water quality and spectroscopic analysis.Statistical tools were used to determine the correlations within DOM and water quality measurements.Results showed that dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and UV absorbance at 254 nm(UV_(254))as conventional DOM parameters were found to be correlated well to the changes in stormwater quality during each of the three storm events studied.Both detector wavelengths(210and 254 nm)and their ratio(A_(210)/A_(254))were found to provide additional information on the physiochemical properties of stormwater-associated DOM.This study indicated that A_(210)/A_(254) is an important parameter which could be used to estimate the DOM proportions of functional groups and conjugated carbon species.This study provided also an understanding of stormwater quality constituents through assessing variability and sensitivity for various parameters,and the additional information of rainfall characteristics on runoff quality data for a better understanding of parameter correlations and influences.     

饮用水消毒中茶多酚抑菌机理的研究进展

饮用水消毒关系着人类的身体健康,茶多酚作为绿色消毒剂具有良好的消毒作用及消毒持续性,无毒副作用。对茶多酚的抑菌机理进行系统的综述,介绍了茶多酚对菌体正常生理形态的改变、对细胞壁膜的破坏、对蛋白质合成和表达的阻碍以及对遗传物质的作用,并阐述了酚羟基与金属离子、蛋白质的络合作用,以及酯官能团、聚合度对儿茶素抑菌效能的影响,为茶多酚在饮用水消毒中的应用提供理论基础。     

黄河原水中消毒副产物前体物的组成特征及其化学预氧化处理效果对比

以取自河南省郑州市石佛原水厂的黄河原水为研究对象,系统研究了原水中消毒副产物(DBPs)前体物的组成规律,对比分析了3种预氧化剂(高锰酸钾、自由氯和二氧化氯)对原水中DBPs生成潜能的消减规律.试验结果表明:原水中DBPs的前体物均以小分子有机物和疏水性组分(52.51%)为主;分子量小于1 k Da有机物组分是生成含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)和三卤甲烷(THMs)的主要前体物;疏水性有机物是生成THMs的主要前体物,亲水性有机物是生成N-DBPs的主要前体物.经Cl2预氧化后,直接生成的DBPs随着自由氯投加量的增加而增加,Cl O2和KMn O4预氧化直接增加DBPs产生量.经3种预氧化剂氧化后,原水中三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)均呈现一定的下降,其降低量依次为Cl O2Cl2KMn O4;然而3种预氧化剂都不能有效的减少含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP),Cl O2预氧化和Cl2预氧化可增加N-DBPs生成潜能,尤其在较高投加量下,Cl2预氧化将大大增加N-DBPs生成潜能.为有效消减总DBPs生成潜能,水厂可优先采用KMn O4或Cl O2作为预氧化剂处理引黄水库或沉砂池水.     

Effects of Ca(OH)2 assisted aluminum sulfate coagulation on the removal of humic acid and the formation potentials of tri-halomethanes and haloacetic acids in chlorination

The effects of addition of calcium hydroxide on aluminum sulphate(or alum) coagulation for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) and its subsequent effect on the formation potentials of two major types of regulated disinfection byproducts(DBPs),haloacetic acids(HAAs) and trihalomethanes(THMs),have been examined.The results revealed several noteworthy phenomena.At the optimal coagulation pH(i.e.6),the coagulation behavior of NOM water solutions versus alum dose,showed large variation and a consequent great change in the formation potentials of the DBPs at certain coagulant doses.However,with addition of a relatively small amount of Ca(OH) 2,although the zeta potential of coagulated flocs remained almost the same,NOM removal became more consistent with alum dose.Importantly,also the detrimental effect of charge reversal on NOM removal at the low coagulant dose disappeared.This resulted in a steady decrease in the formation potentials of DBPs as a function of the coagulant dose.Moreover,the addition of Ca(OH) 2 broadened the pH range of alum coagulation and promoted further reduction of the formation potentials of the DBPs.The enhancement effects of Ca(OH) 2 assisted alum coagulation are especially pronounced at pH 7 and 8.Finally,synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that the reduction in DBPs formation potential by Ca(OH) 2-assisted alum coagulation was connected to an enhanced removal of small hydrophobic and hydrophilic HA molecules.Ca(OH) 2-assistance of alum coagulation appeared to increase substantially the removal of the hydrophilic HA fraction responsible for HAAs formation,prompting further reduction of HAA formation potentials.     

H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化对城市污水消毒作用研究

以泡沫镍作为载体,利用电沉积技术将纳米TiO2负载在泡沫镍上,制成固载型TiO2光催化反应器,在光催化反应器中加入H2O2,研究H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化反应系统对城市污水消毒效果。试验表明,固载型TiO2光催化反应中加入10 ppm H2O2,能大大提高紫外消毒效果,降低原水浊度对紫外消毒系统的影响,同时显著减少紫外消毒系统出水光复活现象。H2O2-固载型TiO2光催化反应系统,对降低紫外消毒投资和运行成本,提高紫外消毒效果稳定性,促进城市污水紫外消毒技术的推广具有重要意义。     

Diffuse pollution loading from urban stormwater runoff in Daejeon city, Korea

In this paper, stormwater runoff from an urban watershed with combined sewer systems located in Daejeon metropolitan city, Korea, was characterized to measure the stormwater runoff discharge rates and pollutant concentrations. The observed averaged event mean concentrations (EMCs) of combined sewer overflows (CSO) were 536.1mg TSS/L, 467.7 mg TCODcr/L, 142.7 mg TBOD/L, 16.5mg TN/L, and 13.5mg TP/L. A detention basin was proposed to reduce CSO, and its essential design elements were discussed. The first flush significantly affected contaminant constituents in the descending order of suspended solid>organics>nutrients. Storage volumes for containing the first flush to improve water quality of the receiving stream can be estimated based on the total suspended solid loading. In this study, detention of the first flush equivalent to 5mm of precipitation could reduce CSO-induced diffuse pollution loading to a receiving water body by up to 80% of the total suspended solid loading.     

紫外线消毒中的光复活作用

近年来,紫外线消毒技术在水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用,它主要是利用短波紫外对微生物的伤害作用,通过在DNA中形成环丁烷嘧啶二聚体,阻碍基因的正常复制,从而导致细菌失活.但是细菌体内的光裂解酶在远紫外光和可见光作用下能够使失活的细菌重新获得活性,这就是光复活作用.低压消毒设备处理后大肠杆菌表现出了一定的光复活能力,但中压消毒设备能够有效的抑制其光复活作用;而噬肺军团菌在低压和中压设备处理后都表现出了很强的光复活能力.在应用紫外线消毒技术时光复活作用的影响不容忽视.