RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

Purification and reclamation of wastewater by an integrated biological pond system

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高炉瓦斯泥综合利用技术述评

瓦斯泥是高炉副产物,因其中富含锌,直接用于烧结会增加高炉锌负荷。在分析了瓦斯泥的矿物特征的基础上,综述了选矿法、化学浸出法、直接还原法等几种瓦斯泥有价成分的回收利用方法。选矿法根据碳、锌、铁的性质及赋存状态的差异分离各物质,具有工艺简单、成本低的优点,但分离不彻底、回收率低;化学浸出法使锌进入溶液而其他矿物不溶或微溶,分离效果较好,但处理量小,后续处理难度大;直接还原法是在高温下使瓦斯泥中的金属还原,锌蒸发后进入烟气,最终可得到含氧化锌较高的烟尘和含金属铁的脱锌瓦斯泥,该法适应性强、处理量大、分离效果好,是目前应用较为广泛的瓦斯泥处理方法,但其设备投资大。     

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD 12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PDI2 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4℃ for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD 12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.     

超细TiO2粒子的超滤分离及回用特性

针对TiO2超细粒子的超滤分离特性进行了试验研究,探讨了操作压力、膜面流速、TiO2投量、pH、电解质等参数条件对膜通量的影响规律及作用机理,证实了浓差极化及滤饼层阻力是影响通量变化的主导因素,在此基础上确定了适宜的超滤工艺条件及膜清洗方式.以甲基橙为降解基质分别测试了经混凝与超滤分离后的TiO2光催化活性,结果表明,超滤不仅可实现TiO2粒子与水的彻底分离,且分离后TiO2催化活性与初次使用相当.研究表明超滤用于悬浮光催化体系的固液分离及催化剂再用是可行的.     

纺织洗布废水回用新工艺研究

纺织洗布废水具有较高的COD,浊度,电导率,处理此类废水一般都采用普通的生化处理使其达标排放。采用臭氧-曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对广东某纺织品有限公司洗布废水的生化处理出水进行深度处理以达到企业确定的回用标准。经试验表明:臭氧投加量为30mg/L时,深度处理系统的COD去除率超过62.5%,出水COD控制在30mg/L以下,浊度<1NTU,完全达到企业确定的回用标准。纺织洗布废水回用新工艺具有处理成本很低,处理效果稳定,具有显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

城市污水处理厂污泥的综合利用与资源化

随着城市污水处理厂不断建成与使用,污泥量的增加速度越来越快。污泥作为污水处理的副产品,如果不及时处理将造成严重的二次污染。通过对当前污泥综合利用和资源化技术及其发展趋势的分析,结合调查实例,综述了我国城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用方法与途径;提出了进一步加强对污泥的资源化研究,开发出低能耗、低成本、高效率的能够广泛应用的资源化方法,应是今后研究中的重点。     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

管式膜连续微滤装置处理回用城市污水的中试研究

就管式膜连续微滤装置对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水处理回用的可行性进行了中试研究 ,结果表明 ,该装置在运行压力为 0 .1 2～ 0 .1 5MPa ,反冲洗间隔为 1 8min时 ,吨水能耗仅为 0 .4 5kWh。此时对COD、浊度有较高的去除率 ,分别为 75 .71 %和 94 .4 9% ,对氨氮也有一定的去除效果 ,去除率为 4 0 .2 6 % ;处理后出水COD、氨氮、浊度均明显优于《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ2 5 .1 89)中的相关规定。该装置成本低、操作简单 ,用于污水回用具有较高技术经济可行性     

都市农业生态系统中污水资源化利用

文章介绍了都市农业生态系统中的污水处理工艺和资源化利用方案,并对回用过程中的水质状况进行了连续监测与分析,结果表明,主要污染物CODCr、BOD5、浊度、TN的去除率均达到90%以上。再生水完全可以满足系统内农业灌溉的要求,每年可减少50%的地下水开采量,且提供了良好的景观资源。蟹岛生态度假村以生活污水处理为中心的水资源循环利用方式,为污水资源化利用工程作了有益的尝试并取得了良好的效果。