广东省秸秆燃烧大气污染物及VOCs物种排放清单

基于广东省粮食产量的统计年鉴,建立了广东省2008~2016年秸秆燃烧污染物排放清单和2016年广东省秸秆燃烧VOCs物种清单,并对VOCs臭氧生成潜势进行评估.结果表明,2013~2016年广东省秸秆燃烧各大气污染物排放量较2008~2012年有所降低.这主要是由于禁止秸秆露天燃烧政策的出台及农村生活水平的提高降低了秸秆燃烧比例.2016年各类大气污染物SO_2、NO_x、NH_3、CH_4、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO和PM_(2.5)的排放量依次为2 443.7、16 187.9、6 943.8、29 174.4、3 625.5、14 830.7、65 612.6、591 613.9和49 463.0 t.稻谷秸秆燃烧是最主要的秸秆燃烧污染物来源,占据了污染物总排放量的约68.55%.污染物贡献最大的5个市分别为湛江、茂名、梅州、肇庆和韶关,约占总排放量的58.63%.2016年广东省秸秆燃烧VOCs物种排放清单中,排放量贡献前10的物种分别为:乙烯、乙醛、甲醛、苯、乙炔、丙烯、乙烷、甲苯、正丙烷和丙醛,占总VOCs量的67.91%.在VOCs物种清单的基础上估算了其臭氧生成潜势(OFP),OFP贡献前10 VOCs物种分别为:乙烯、甲醛、乙醛、丙烯、1-丁烯、丙醛、甲苯、丙烯醛、异戊二烯和丁烯醛,占总OFP量的80.83%.     

工业炉窑燃烧效率连续测试技术的研究

因目前的热工检测在连续检测技术方面存在一定的局限性,为满足工业燃料炉动态管理、实时调整优化控制的精细化管理需求,通过对现有燃烧效率测试设备的进一步改进,将炉内高温连续采样技术、测试装置、后台数据处理功能优化组合,开发出具备连续测试功能的检测设备,实现了对炉窑燃烧效率的连续监测,可实时得到炉内空气过剩系数、燃烧区残氧量等参数,有效指导空燃比的调节,炉窑无需改造就可以实现节能减排。     

论炼山对杉木人工林生态系统影响的利弊及对策

随着杉木人工林面积的不断扩大,杉木人工林地力衰退问题日益严重,而炼山是导致杉木人工林地力衰退的主要原因之一。本文在国家“七五”攻关子课题《炼山对杉木幼林生态系统影响机理及计量评价研究》连续１０ａ定位研究成果的基础上,对国内外有关炼山对采伐剩余物、水土流失、土壤肥力、杉木生长影响等问题进行全面阐述,同时对炼山利弊问题进行归纳与总结,并提出相应对策,这对变革传统杉木经营制度、可持续利用南方山地资源具有重大指导意义。     

Influence of fuel mass load, oxygen supply and burning rate on emission factor and size distribution of carbonaceous particulate matter from indoor corn straw burning

The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor (EF),which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM (EFPM),organic carbon (EFOC) and elemental carbon (EFEC) were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant (p > 0.05) in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were (3.84±1.02),(0.846±0.895) and (0.391±0.350) g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other (p < 0.05),but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.     

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间(1月21～28日)广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS 建立了烟花爆竹快速...     

皆伐炼山对林地养分元素资源迁移影响的研究

本文研究了林地皆伐火烧后生物量和养分元素资源迁移状况。结果表明：皆伐后移出林地生物量占林分地上部分总生物量８０％以上,移出林地养分元素Ｃａ、Ｍｇ占林地地上部分Ｃａ、Ｍｇ６０％以上,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ则低于５０％；采伐剩余物在火烧过程中Ｎ损失率高达９５％,Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ损失相对较少；火烧后表层土壤Ｎ、Ｐ有一定损失,Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ则有所增加。皆伐火烧基本上将整个林分生长期所积累起来的地上部分生物量和养分元素全部迁移出林地。     

三江平原作物收获期大气颗粒物浓度特征

通过对2013年10月东北三江平原农作物收获期大气颗粒物的在线监测,结合卫星火点数据与后向轨迹模拟,分析了秸秆燃烧和作物收割等农业活动对大气颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明:作物收获前期?中期和后期大气PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为36.0,158.3,33.8μg/m3;现场观测表明,水稻收割(321.1μg/m3)和秸秆燃烧(2777.1μg/m3)时监测田块内PM2.5的平均浓度分别是收割前和燃烧前平均浓度的2.5倍和11.5倍;卫星火点及后向轨迹分析发现,观测期间PM2.5与该地区卫星火点数量的变化趋势比较一致,且气团轨迹经过火点较集中区域时测得较高的PM2.5浓度值;对不同粒径(<1μm,1~2.5μm,2.5~10μm)大气颗粒物质量浓度的观测表明,收获中期受大面积秸秆燃烧的影响,0~1 μm粒径组分明显增加,而收获后期由于降水过程对0~1μm粒径颗粒物的清除效率较低,故该粒径颗粒物仍维持较高比例.     

烟煤层燃炉颗粒物的生成特征与管理控制

以95台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤70MW)的燃料特性分析数据和颗粒物(PM)排放实测数据为基础,利用统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤灰分含量对燃烧过程中PM初始排放浓度的影响,分析了燃煤锅炉PM排放现状,讨论了我国中小型燃煤锅炉PM排放管理控制的潜力和可行性。结果表明,在锅炉运行负荷≥80%的条件下,PM初始排放浓度随过量空气系数和燃煤灰分含量的增加略有增大,而与锅炉出力无关;在用烟煤层燃炉PM排放浓度基本上能够满足国家现行污染物排放标准规定的排放限值要求;有96%的锅炉所采用的除尘装置的除尘效率大于80%;与其他国家相比,目前我国对于中小型燃煤锅炉PM的排放控制还处于中等水平,建议在国家层面上适时提高燃煤锅炉颗粒物的排放限制。     

民用燃煤排放细颗粒中金属元素排放特征及单颗粒分析

通过模拟民用煤炭燃烧,采集了5种不同成熟度的典型块煤燃烧排放的单颗粒和PM_2.5样品.利用带能谱仪的透射电镜研究了金属颗粒的单颗粒特征,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和发射光谱仪获得了PM_2.5样品中14种金属元素（包括8种重金属）的浓度特征.结果显示,民用燃煤排放的含金属元素的颗粒物主要有矿物颗粒、部分碳质颗粒、富K颗粒、富S[K]颗粒、富Fe颗粒、富Zn颗粒和富Pb颗粒共7种.5种民用燃煤排放的14种金属元素占PM_2.5的1.29%~15.54%,其中Al、Ca和Na占金属元素总量的57%~80%,是民用燃煤排放的主要的金属元素;V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb这8种重金属元素占PM_2.5的0.09%~2.53%,其中Zn和Pb占重金属总量的54%~91%,在民用燃煤排放的重金属中占主导.单颗粒分析结果显示Zn和Pb元素主要富集在粒径小于1μm的富Zn和富Pb颗粒中,这些细颗粒能够直接进入人体,对人体健康造成威胁.因此,建议居民应通过使用精煤或天然气等清洁能源来减少重金属的排放.     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).