Emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gases during combined pre-composting and vermicomposting of duck manure

Combined pre-composting and vermicomposting has shown potential for reclamation of solid wastes, which is a significant source of ammonia (NH₃), and greenhouse gases (GHG), including nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Earthworms and amendments may both affect physico-chemical characteristics that control gas-producing processes, and thus affect NH₃ and GHG emissions. Here, we used two-way ANOVA to test the effects of addition of reed straw and combined addition of reed straw and zeolite on NH₃ and GHG emissions during pre-composting of duck manure, either with or without a follow-up phase of vermicomposting. Results showed that cumulative N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions during pre-composting and vermicomposting ranged from 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg^?1 DM to 274.2, 30.4, and 314.0 mg kg^?1 DM, respectively. Earthworms and amendments significantly decreased N₂O and CH₄ emissions. Emission of CO₂ was not affected by earthworms, but increased in responses to addition of reed straw. Cumulative NH₃ emission ranged from 3.0 to 8.1 g kg^?1 DM, and was significantly decreased by reed straw and zeolite addition. In conclusion, combined pre-composting and vermicomposting with reed straw and zeolite addition would be strongly recommended in mitigating emissions of N₂O, CH₄, and NH₃ from duck manure. Moreover, this method also provides nutrient-rich products that can be used as a fertilizer.     

农作物秸秆资源化利用技术与发展方向探讨

农业秸秆作为一种可再生能源资源,充分开发利用可促进当地经济发展和能源结构调整,其经济效益是十分可观的。大力发展农作物秸秆利用产业,对于充分利用作物再生资源,增加农民收入,推进科技创新,建立循环经济发展模式和环境友好型社会,具有重要的经济意义和深远的社会意义。     

薪柴和经济作物秸秆燃烧VOCs排放特征

薪柴及经济作物秸秆在中国农村地区仍普遍使用,其燃烧是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要排放源,当前对其排放特征研究仍比较薄弱.本研究选取了3种薪柴(白杨树、杉木和柑橘枝)和6种经济作物秸秆(黄豆秆、芝麻秆、玉米棒、棉花秆、花生秆和玉米秆),通过实验室模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样系统,采用Tedlar袋和Agilent 7820A/5977E气相色谱/质谱联用法采集和分析了烟气中102种VOCs组分组成,并对不同类型生物质燃烧排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势进行分析.结果表明,不同类型的生物质燃烧排放的VOCs组分存在差异,乙烷(11.1%)、反-2-戊烯(15.4%)、乙烯(8.3%)和二氯甲烷(11.9%)是白杨树和杉木燃烧排放的主要VOCs组分;甲苯(49.8%)是柑橘枝燃烧排放的VOCs含量最丰富的物种;乙烯(11.8%～17.5%)和丙酮(9.2%～14.7%)是秸秆类燃料燃烧的主要VOCs组分.玉米秆、花生秆和柑橘枝具有相似的VOCs源成分谱,分歧系数小于0.1.本研究及已有报道中的生物质燃烧排放苯/甲苯比值范围是0.030～6.48,在开展源解析研究中,采用苯/甲苯比值大于1认定为受到生物质燃烧排放影响值得商榷.烯烃、含氧VOCs和芳香烃对生物质燃烧排放VOCs的臭氧生成潜势的贡献分别为30.6%～80.3%、 6.5%～21.0%和3.8%～56.5%,对臭氧生成潜势贡献比例超过10.0%的组分为乙烯、丙烯、反-2-戊烯、顺-2-戊烯、甲苯和丙醛.     

High black carbon and ozone concentrations during pollution transport in the Himalayas：Five years of continuous observations at NCO-P global GAW station

To study the influence of polluted air-mass transport carrying ozone (O3) and black carbon (BC) in the high Himalayas, since March 2006 the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (NCO-P) GAW-WMO global station (Nepal, 5079 m a.s.l.) is operative. During the first 5-year measurements, the O3 and BC concentrations have shown a mean value of 48 ± 12 ppb (± standard deviation) and 208 ± 374 ng/m3, respectively. Both O3 and BC showed well defined seasonal cycles with maxima during pre-monsoon (O3 : 61.3 ± 7.7 ppbV; BC: 444 ± 433 ng/m3) and minima during the summer monsoon (O3 : 40.1 ± 12.4 ppbV; BC: 64 ± 101 ng/m3). The analysis of the days characterised by the presence of a significant BC increase with respect to the typical seasonal cycle identified 156 days affected by "acute" pollution events, corresponding to 9.1% of the entire data-set. Such events mostly occur in the pre-monsoon period, when the O3 diurnal variability is strongly related to the transport of polluted air-mass rich on BC. On average, these "acute" pollution events were characterised by dramatic increases of BC (352%) and O3 (29%) levels compared with the remaining days.     

How changing fire management policies affect fire seasonality and livelihoods

There is a long history of fire management in African savannas, but knowledge of historical and current use of fire is scarce in savanna-woodland biomes. This study explores past and present fire management practices and perceptions of the Khwe (former hunter-gatherers) and Mbukushu (agropastoralists) communities as well as government and non-government stakeholders in Bwabwata National Park in north-east Namibia. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were used in combination with satellite data (from 2000 to 2015), to investigate historical and current fire management dynamics. Results show that political dynamics in the region disrupted traditional fire practices, specifically a policy of fire suppression was initiated by colonial governments in 1888 and maintained during independence until 2005. Both the Khwe and Mbukushu communities use early season (i.e. between April and July) fires for diverse interrelated historical and current livelihood activities, and park management for managing late season fires. The Mbukushu community also use late season burns to prepare land for crops. In this study, we use a pyrogeographic framework to understand the human dimension of fires. This study reveals how today’s fire management practices and policies, specifically the resurgence of early season burning are entrenched in the past. Understanding and acknowledging the social and cultural dynamics of fire, alongside participatory stakeholder engagement is critical for managing fires in the future.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01351-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical urban of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Characterization,sources and risk assessment

• The sampling was conducted in city on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for one year. • The groups of PAHs revealed their different environmental fates and migration paths. • Seasonal biomass burning could affect the concentration by long-distance transport. • Industrial sources and traffic emissions were the main contributor of PAHs. • Living in industrial areas or winter had higher health risk by exposure PAHs in PM_2.5. Monthly particle-phase ambient samples collected at six sampling locations in Yuxi, a high-altitude city on the edge of Southeast Asia, were measured for particle-associated PAHs. As trace substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are susceptible to the influences of meteorological conditions, emissions, and gas-particulate partitioning and it is challenging job to precise quantify the source and define the transmission path. The daily concentrations of total PM_2.5-bound PAHs ranged from 0.65 to 80.76 ng/m³, with an annual mean of 11.94 ng/m³. Here, we found that the concentration of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, which was mainly due to source and meteorology influence. The increase of fossil combustion and biomass burning in cold season became the main contributors of PAHs, while precipitation and low temperature exacerbated this difference. According to the concentration variation trend of PM_2.5-bound PAHs and their relationship with meteorological conditions, a new grouping of PAHs is applied, which suggested that PAHs have different environmental fates and migration paths. A combination of source analysis and trajectory model supported local sources from combustion of fossil fuel and vehicle exhaust contributed to the major portion on PAHs in particle, but on the Indochina Peninsula the large number of pollutants emitted by biomass burning during the fire season would affect the composition of PAHs through long-range transporting. Risk assessment in spatial and temporal variability suggested that citizens living in industrial areas were higher health risk caused by exposure the PM_2.5-bound PAHs than that in other regions, and the risk in winter was three times than in summer.     

城市垃圾处理方法综述

综述了目前我国城市垃圾的处理方法，并分析比较了各处理方法的化缺点以及对我国的适宜性，重点介绍了垃圾焚烧发电在我国的发展前景以及存在的有关问题。     

2013年成都地区一次秸秆焚烧特征及成因分析

2013年9月14~17日成都及周边地区出现了一次秸秆焚烧空气污染过程,成都、德阳受污染影响较严重,乐山、眉山影响相对较轻。基于空气污染指数API,结合雷达消光系数反演图、在线气团后向轨迹及探空斜温图分析本次空气污染过程,主要是由成都城区以南地区秸秆焚烧及区域边界层辐射逆温等不利扩散气象条件共同造成的。     

上海不同功能区夏季PM2.5中生物质燃烧贡献的解析

为了解生物质燃烧对上海夏季PM_(2.5)的贡献及评估大气光化学氧化对左旋葡聚糖浓度的影响,在上海的4个不同站点同步采集了PM_(2.5)样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪分析了典型生物质燃烧示踪物脱水糖和水溶性钾离子的浓度,采用示踪物产率法估算了生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)质量及其中有机物的贡献,分析了左旋葡聚糖浓度与大气臭氧浓度的相互关系.结果表明,上海夏季PM_(2.5)中左旋葡聚糖的浓度在不同站点间差别较小,平均浓度为44.2 ng·m~(-3);水溶性钾离子浓度与左旋葡聚糖之间存在显著相关性(r=0.88),平均浓度为0.45μg·m~(-3),85%以上的钾离子为非海盐、非矿物质来源,即主要来源于生物质燃烧;基于左旋葡聚糖和钾离子的示踪物产率法估算的生物质燃烧对夏季上海PM_(2.5)中有机碳的贡献有显著差别,分别为6.0%和19.2%,左旋葡聚糖的光化学降解是导致这一差别的主要原因;左旋葡聚糖与生物质燃烧源钾离子的浓度比(LG/K■)与大气臭氧浓度之间存在显著的负相关关系,说明大部分的左旋葡聚糖会随着大气氧化性的增强而被降解.     

中国南方乡村黑碳稳定同位素特征及来源解析——以江西于都为例

于2018年冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）在中国南方江西于都某偏远乡村采集PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5中BC浓度及其稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_BC）,水溶性离子浓度.结果表明,采样期间BC在冬季和夏季平均浓度分别为（1.3±0.8）,（0.8±0.3）μg/m³,δ¹³C_BC在冬季和夏季平均值分别为（-25.8±1.6）‰和（-26.3±0.7）‰,两者整体呈现冬季高夏季低趋势,可能受到不同来源影响.相关性分析和贝叶斯模型源解析结果表明：冬季受生物质燃烧贡献最大为44.3%,其次机动车尾气和煤燃烧,分别为29.3%和26.4%;夏季受机动车尾气贡献最大为58.5%,其次生物质燃烧和煤燃烧,分别为28.8%和12.7%.后向轨迹表明,中国南方乡村的BC可能受到城市污染区域的长距离输送影响.