Open burning of household waste: Effect of experimental condition on combustion quality and emission of PCDD, PCDF and PCB

Open burning for waste disposal is, in many countries, the dominant source of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls (PCDD/PCDF/PCB) release to the environment. To generate emission factors for open burning, experimental pile burns of about 100 kg of household waste were conducted with emissions sampling. From these experiments and others conducted by the same authors it is found that less compaction of waste or active mixing during the fire - “stirring” - promotes better combustion (as evidenced by lower CO/CO₂ ratio) and reduces emissions of PCDD/PCDF/PCB; an intuitive but previously undemonstrated result. These experiments also support previous results suggesting PCDD/PCDF/PCB generation in open burning - while still highly variable - tends to be greater in the later (smoldering) phases of burning when the CO/CO₂ ratio increases.     

Evaluation of methods for the physical characterization of the fine particle emissions from two residential wood combustion appliances

The fine particle emissions from a U. S. certified non-catalytic wood stove and a zero-clearance fireplace burning Quercus rubra L. (northern red oak) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) cordwood each at two different moisture levels were determined. Emission testing was performed using both time-integrated and continuous instrumentation for total particle mass, particle number, particle size distribution, and fixed combustion gases using an atmospheric wind tunnel, full-flow laboratory dilution tunnel, and dilution stack sampler with a comparison made between the three dilution systems and two sampling filter types. The total mass emission factors (EFs) for all dilution systems and filter media are extremely variable ranging from <1 to 55 g kg⁻¹ of dry wood depending on the combination of appliance type, wood species and moisture content, filter medium, and dilution system. For Teflon filter sampling of stove emissions in the wind tunnel, the total mass EFs varied from 2 to 8 g kg⁻¹ of dry fuel depending on wood type whereas the equivalent fireplace emissions burning wet oak averaged 11 g kg⁻¹. A substantial number of ultrafine particles in the accumulation size range were also observed during all tests as determined by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. The PM-2.5 (particles ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) fractions determined from the ELPI electrometer data ranged from 93 to 98% (mass) depending on appliance type as reported previously by Hays et al. (Aerosol Science, 34, 1061, 2003).     

便携式储油囊中网状聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃抑爆性机理研究

针对便携式储油囊的储油安全性,提出了在储油囊内填充网状聚氨酯泡沫材料的设想,通过对网状聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃抑爆性的机理研究,得出网状聚氨酯泡沫材料在储油领域中具有广阔应用前景的结论.     

农作物秸秆综合利用技术探讨

针对农作物秸秆焚烧的环境污染问题,提出综合利用秸秆,将秸秆通过造粒、挤出、模具成型、真空定型、牵引、定长等工艺,生产PVC木塑板,具有良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

青岛春节期间大气污染特征及烟花燃放一、二次贡献分析

我国北方地区冬季采暖期大气污染事件频发,期间硝酸盐成为促进PM_2.5增加的主要因素.然而在烟花燃放期间,硫酸盐的累积却强于硝酸盐,形成不同的污染特征.对春节期间（2019年2月2~10日）青岛近郊在线离子色谱观测数据,结合国控自动监测站数据进行综合分析.结果表明,研究期间观测到大气颗粒物累积事件、沙尘过境事件和烟花燃放事件.烟花燃放高峰期,其对PM_2.5和PM₁₀的一次贡献率分别为69.8%和63.8%.相比颗粒物累积期间硝酸盐有更明显的累积,硫酸盐在烟花燃放期间先于硝酸盐生成,并存在更强的累积.分离得到烟花燃放的一次贡献因子n（SO₄^2-）/n（K⁺）和n（NO₃^-）/n（K⁺）特征摩尔比分别为1.2和1.3;利用该比值估算得到对SO₄^2-和NO₃^-二次贡献因子,在较稳定的气象条件下分别为一次贡献因子的2.1倍和1.6倍;但在强的干冷空气过境时,二次贡献因子大幅降低,与一次贡献因子相当.     

稠油污泥的综合处理＊

依据稠油污泥的组成、特点及性质,开发了稠油污泥综合处理技术。利用稠油污水及其余热,采用适宜的预处理工艺实现含油污泥减量处理并回收其中的矿物油。预处理分离的残渣送入层燃热解气化焚烧炉中进行处理,焚烧产生的热能再用于含油污泥前期预处理和稠油污水处理产生的浮渣底泥的干化减量处理。     

中国大陆生物质燃烧排放的污染物清单

根据2000年各省市生物质的消耗资料,结合排放因子,计算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所排放的SO₂、NO_x、NH₃、CH₄、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO₂的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区.研究表明,生物质燃烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、中南地区的各省市;各种生物质燃烧对各污染物的排放量的贡献差异很大,其中秸秆和薪柴是最主要来源;单位面积生物质燃烧排放污染物的量较高的地区由东北至中南围绕中国的主要农业产地呈带状分布.     

城市污泥处理与资源化利用方案探讨

城市污泥既是污染物又是一种资源，污泥的处理、处置与资源化利用相结合才是其最好的出路。概述了堆肥、碱性稳定化、热干化、焚烧等几种主要的污泥处理和利用方案，并简述了在污泥利用方案选择时需考虑的因素。     

春季境外生物质燃烧对东亚臭氧污染的影响

目的定量研究境外生物质燃烧对春季东亚地表臭氧浓度的影响。方法利用敏感性分析法与线性加权法,使用全球化学传输模式GEOS-Chem模拟春季全球不同地区生物质燃烧排放对东亚地表臭氧的贡献。结果春季全球生物质燃烧对东亚地表臭氧贡献在1×10~(-9)～5×10~(-9)(按体积计算)之间,其中75%是境外生物质燃烧的贡献。境外生物质燃烧对中国南部的影响比东亚其他区域更大,可达3×10~(-9)。在所有境外源区中,生物质燃烧对东亚地表臭氧影响最大的源区是非洲与东南亚。前者是中国东北部、中国北部、朝韩及日本地区的主要境外贡献区域。后者对中国南部的相对贡献最大。结论春季境外生物质燃烧对东亚地表臭氧的贡献具有一定的空间差异。境外生物质燃烧对东亚空气质量有重要影响。东亚地表臭氧污染治理需要世界各国及区域之间的良好合作。     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥堆肥的实验研究

污泥由于产量大且成分比较复杂,如何对它进行无害化,稳定化处理,使其成为替代资源已经越来越受到人们的关注。基于好氧堆肥装置系统,以徐州市某污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,研究了污泥处理过程中温度、含水率、有机质、有机碳以及pH值和重金属等指标的变化规律。研究结果表明：采用污泥与稻草的体积比为1：2的比例堆肥,控制初始含水率为70％左右,可顺利实现升温。堆肥15d后,物料含水率、有机质、有机碳都有了明显的降低;总氮、总磷以及水溶性钾的含量都有了不同程度的增加;重金属含量有了一定程度的降低,符合堆肥的要求。