A model supported by GIS for locating and quantifying PM2.5 emission originated from residential wood burning

A research method was presented for spatially quantifying and allocating the potential activity of a fine particle matter emission （ PM2.5 ）, which originated from residential wood burning （RWB） in this study. Demographic, hypsographic, climatic and topographic data were compiled and processed within a geographic information system（GIS）, and as independent variables put into a linear regression model for describing spatial distribution of the potential activity of residential wood burning as primary heating source. In order to improve the estimation, the classifications of urban, suburban and rural were redefined to meet the specifications of this application. Also, several definitions of forest accessibility were tested for estimation. The results suggested that the potential activity of RWB was mostly determined by elevation of a location, forest accessibility, urban/non-urban position, climatic conditions and several demographic variables. The linear regression model could explain approximately 86% of the variation of surveyed potential activity of RWB. The analysis results were validated by employing survey data collected mainly from a WebGIS based phone interview over the study area in central California. Based on lots free public GIS data, the model provided an easy and ideal tool for geographic researchers, environmental planners and administrators to understand where and how much PM2.5 emission from RWB was contributed to air quality. With this knowledge they could identify regions of concern, and better plan mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Furthermore, it allows for future adjustment on some parameters as the spatial analysis method is implemented in the different regions or various eco-social models.     

中小型烟煤层燃炉NOx排放因子的研究

以86台中小型烟煤层燃炉(额定出力≤65 MW)的燃料特性和NO_x排放实测数据为基础,采用统计分析方法,分析了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤挥发分〔w(挥发分)〕和燃煤含氮量〔w(N)〕对NO_x排放因子的影响,研究了NO_x排放因子的确定方法. 结果表明:中小型烟煤层燃炉基于燃料消耗量、低位发热量和燃煤w(N)的NO_x排放因子EF_C,EF_H和EF_N的平均值分别为3.87 g/kg,185.01 ng/J和0.47 kg/kg;锅炉出力对NO_x排放因子没有显著影响;NO_x排放因子随燃煤w(挥发分)增高而降低;随过量空气系数和燃煤w(N)增大,NO_x排放因子的EF_C和EF_H增高,而EF_N并不受影响.      

生物质燃烧源类腐殖质的臭氧老化特征

针对生物质燃烧排放类腐殖质（BC-HULIS）的臭氧（O₃）氧化开展模拟研究,利用总有机碳分析仪（TOC）、紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）、荧光激发发射矩阵光谱结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）以及傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）表征老化前后HULIS的光学性质和化学结构变化.研究表明,经臭氧氧化后BC-HULIS占相应的水溶性有机碳（WSOC）的比例降低,表明部分HULIS发生降解生成水溶性小分子化合物.此外经O₃老化后,HULIS的质量吸收指数（MAE₃₆₅）和芳香性指数（SUVA₂₅₄）分别从1.8~2.7和4.2~5.0m²/gC下降到1.1~1.3和3.7~4.1m²/gC,表明老化后HULIS的吸光能力和芳香度均呈现降低.EEM-PARAFAC解析结果显示,BB-HULIS中荧光发色团主要由类蛋白荧光组分（C2）和类腐殖质荧光组分（C1、C3、C4）组成.O₃老化后,BB-HULIS的总荧光强度显著降低,两种性质的荧光组分相对含量和荧光参数发生显著变化,如老化后HULIS中类腐殖质荧光组分的相对含量和腐质化指数（HIX）均显著高于老化前样品,表明老化过程发生类蛋白的降解和类腐殖质的聚合.另外,FTIR分析结果显示O₃老化后含氧官能团含量显著增强,表明了O₃老化对HULIS官能团的影响.     

2015～2017年北京及近周边平房燃煤散烧及其污染排放遥感测算

利用2015~2017年8~9月2 m级高分辨率遥感影像，对北京市平原区平房面积和分布进行遥感监测，其中2017年增加北京周边地区（廊坊、保定）的监测，获取平房信息，并利用平房采暖面积调查、燃煤量入户抽样调查等技术手段，估算了北京及周边地区平房燃煤总量，同时结合排放因子，测算了燃煤PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x的排放量.结果表明2015~2017年，北京市平原区平房燃煤量大幅度下降，燃煤总量下降了75%，煤改电（气）措施效果显著.现阶段（2017年）北京城六区、南部平原城乡地区基本实现"无煤化"，燃煤散烧主要集中在北部平原区，其中昌平、顺义区燃煤量均超过30万t，平谷、延庆区的燃煤量在15万t以上.从空间分布来看，2015年燃煤量空间呈环状分布，2016年呈半环状，燃煤集中在位于环面区域的昌平、顺义、通州、大兴区.2017年各区平房燃煤所产生的大气污染物排污量差别明显，其中昌平区的SO₂和NO_x排放量最高，分别为1113.3 t和279.2 t.2017年保定、廊坊市煤改清洁能源工作初见成效，但燃煤总量依然较大，煤质差、使用方式粗放，燃煤强度由北至南逐渐增大.保定、廊坊市平原区燃煤量分别约为1043万t和407万t.保定市近郊村庄燃煤量普遍较少，北市、南市和新市区村庄燃煤量均低于5万t.廊坊市平原区燃煤量空间分布较为平均，其中文安县平原区燃煤量最多，为69万t，大厂回族自治县燃煤量最低.     

2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单

采用排放因子法计算了中国2007年间CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5的排放总量,建立了生物质燃烧污染物排放清单,计算了各污染物总排放量的空间分布及不同生物质燃烧类型对各污染物总排放量的贡献率,重点完善了各省市生物质燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物清单.结果显示,2007年我国大陆生物质燃烧排放CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、OC、EC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放总量分别分为3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt.四川、安徽、广西、山东、河南、江苏等地区生物质燃烧各污染物排放量较高,北京、天津、海南、宁夏、青海和西藏等省区各污染物排放量较少.不同地区排放污染物的主要生物质类型存在较大的差异,单位面积排放强度和人均排放量区域间差异显著.人类活动是生物质燃烧排放污染物的主要影响因素,秸秆和薪柴燃烧是污染物排放量最大的2种生物质,其对各种污染物的贡献率为93.8%~98.7%.     

高原乙醇油池火燃烧特性实验研究

为研究低压条件下油品燃烧特性,以乙醇油池火为研究对象,搭建高原油池火实验平台,研究不同油盘直径下乙醇油池火燃烧规律,分析燃烧速率、火焰高度和火焰脉动等参数随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明：低压条件下的乙醇油池火,燃烧速率小于同等尺度常压条件下的油池火燃烧速率;乙醇油池火的燃烧速率随油盘直径增加变化不明显;火焰高度随油池直径增加呈现显著上升趋势,并拟合推导出适用于低压乙醇池火的火焰高度公式;火焰脉动频率随油池直径增大而减小,并给出火焰脉动与油池直径的经验公式。研究结果可丰富低压乙醇燃烧的油池火实验数据,为低压乙醇油池火的风险评估提供参考。     

燃烧氧化-电化学法测定地表水和废水中的总氮

系统研究了燃烧氧化-电化学法测定地表水和废水中总氮的分析方法,优化了分析条件。结果表明,氧化温度700℃、反应时间6 min为优化的分析条件。该方法校正曲线线性良好(r=0.999 9),检出限最低可达0.016 mg/L。标准样品分析结果准确度高,相对误差为0.9%~7.1%。实际样品分析结果精密度为0.7%~3.4%,加标回收率为88%~117%。     

Comparisons of two serious air pollution episodes in winter and summer in Beijing

Characteristics of two serious air pollution episodes(9–15 January, as the winter case; and30 June to 1 July, as the summer case), which occurred in Beijing in 2013 were investigated and compared using multi-method observations and numerical simulations. During these two air pollution episodes, PM_(2.5) concentrations varied significantly within Beijing, with PM_(2.5) concentrations in southern parts of Beijing being significantly higher than in northern areas. Typically, heavy air pollution episodes begin in the southern parts and disperse towards the northern parts of Beijing. Clearly, synoptic patterns and the stability of atmospheric circulation patterns were the main factors controlling air pollution in Beijing.During the winter case, a warm center above 900 h Pa occurred over Beijing. Meanwhile, in the summer case, although there was only a weak inversion, the convective inhibition energy was strong(over 200 J/k G). This clearly influenced the duration of the air pollution event. Except for the local accumulation and secondary atmospheric reactions in both cases, regional straw burnings contributed a lot to the PM_(2.5) concentrations in summer case.Using the CAMxmodel, we established that regional transport contributed almost 59% to the PM_(2.5) averaged concentration in Beijing in the winter case, but only 31% in the summer case. Thus, the winter case was a typical regional air pollution episode, while the summer case resulted from local accumulation straw burnings transportation and strong secondary atmospheric reactions. Given that air pollution is a regional problem in China, consistent and simultaneous implementation of regional prevention and control strategies is necessary to improve regional air quality.     

禁食野生动物:法律规制的目的和限度——以新冠肺炎疫情为例证的分析和反思

新冠肺炎疫情的发生暴露了我国野生动物保护立法在禁止食用野生动物源头制度设计上的不足,引发了社会舆论对“全面禁止食用野生动物”的强烈呼吁。审视我国《野生动物保护法》,立法目的理念中并没有体现保障公众健康的内容;对捕食野生动物没有采取完全禁止的态度,而是根据野生动物的珍稀、濒危程度,生态、科学、社会价值,以及是否为人工繁育等多重标准,分别采取了禁止食用、限制食用、特别许可、支持利用等不同的措施,存在失之过宽的问题;野生动物保护范围不周延,一些可能引发疫病传播的野生动物没有纳入保护范围。回应社会关切,对立法中存在的问题进行理性分析,应当尽快修改《野生动物保护法》,矫正立法目的理念,体现对公众健康安全的保障;扩大野生动物的保护范围,并制定相应的管制规范;实现相关立法的衔接,建立以“全面禁止食用为原则,分类限制禁止食用为补充”的野生动物风险防范制度。从源头上防范野生动物病毒传播引发重大公共卫生风险,实现保护野生动物与保障公众健康安全的有机统一。     

Waterfowl foraging in winter-flooded ricefields: Any agronomic benefits for farmers?

Winter-flooding of ricefields provides foraging habitat to waterfowl, which in return may bring agronomic benefits to farmers. Our study experimentally tested the effect of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) on the standing stalks and weed seed bank in the Camargue (France), both of which present major challenges for farmers. Three duck densities were tested: (D1) 5 ducks ha⁻¹ (historical nocturnal density), (D2) 23 ducks ha⁻¹ (present nocturnal density), and (D3) 300 ducks ha⁻¹ (Asian rice-duck farming density). The ducks reduced the stalks significantly: −27 % (D1), −52 % (D2), and −91 % (D3). Conversely, they decreased the number of seeds by only 3 % (D3) and the seed mass by about 21 % (D1 and D3), which was not significant. Besides they had no effect on seed species richness. This study clearly demonstrates that the winter-flooding effect on straw decomposition can be enhanced by waterfowl foraging, hence showing an agronomic benefit from ducks to farmers. However, there was no clear effect in terms of seed bank reduction.