基于应力分析法的士兵系统电子器件可靠性研究

目的 提高士兵系统元器件可靠性,提出一种可应用于士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计的方法。方法 以士兵某探测器设计过程为研究对象,依据军用电子元器件标准和规范对2种可靠性保证要求表征方法进行分析,采用应力分析法针对士兵电子器件进行可靠性设计。结果 该探测器的MTBF值为90 345.56 h,达到了该设备基本可靠性要求。当产品工作到2 a时,探测器任务可靠度为0.833,达到了该设备任务可靠性要求。结论 提出的方法可为士兵系统电子装备可靠性设计提供技术支撑。     

燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化研究

采集我国6台有代表性电站锅炉的烟气以及燃煤、飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等样品,通过测试燃煤和燃煤副产物中铅含量以及烟气中铅的形态分布,考察了燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化规律及烟气常规污染物控制技术对大气铅排放的影响.结果表明,煤粉炉燃煤过程中,煤中铅释放强度高,平均释放率为97.11%;循环流化床锅炉铅的释放率相对较低,约为84.99%.锅炉出口烟气中铅主要为颗粒态铅(Pbp),比例高达86%~92%,并且与燃煤中氯含量具有正相关性.烟气污染物控制装置对大气铅具有协同脱除效果,尤其是除尘装置.静电除尘对铅的平均脱除效率为91.85%,布袋除尘为95.12%.石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可脱除35.67%~77.81%铅,脱除效率主要与脱硫塔操作条件有关.燃煤中的铅经过燃烧和烟气污染物控制装置后,81.97%~90.18%转移到飞灰中,具有高富集性;脱硫石膏中的铅占3.94%~11.82%;只有1.75%~5.40%通过烟囱排入大气.     

温度-湿度-高度环境对航天火工装置性能的影响

目的 研究温度-湿度-高度环境对航天火工装置密封性能的影响机理.方法 调研"温度-湿度-高度"环境的由来,对比不同标准中试验方法的差异,分析其作用过程,并分析两起因温度-湿度-高度环境导致的火工装置失效案例的故障原因及机理.结果 由于低温、低压与高温、高湿多次相互转化的过程,装置表面的冷凝水因"负压"特性被"压"入装置...     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氯排放特征

选取我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉进行现场测试,采集并分析烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品,以开展燃煤电厂Cl污染物排放特征的研究. 结果表明:燃煤中96.99%以上的Cl析出进入烟气,原烟气中ρ(Cl)范围为10.17~33.63mg/m3.除尘器和石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中的Cl具有协同脱除作用,尤其是石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置. 除尘器对烟气中Cl脱除效率为12.29%~19.86%,石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中Cl的平均脱除效率为95.22%. 经过燃烧和烟气污染控制装置后,燃煤中0.35%~3.01%的Cl转移到底渣中,6.46%~15.00%的Cl转移到飞灰中,68.88%~77.31%通过脱硫废水排放,9.19%~15.95%的Cl转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.21%~5.54%的Cl排入大气中,净烟气ρ(Cl)仅为0.34~1.38mg/m3. 目前我国燃煤电厂Cl污染的主要问题是妥善处理脱硫石膏和废水,以防止Cl的二次污染.      

An evaluation of the implementation of ignition interlock in California

Problem: This study evaluates the degree to which courts have implemented California's ignition interlock program, and surveys judges and district/city attorneys to identify barriers to implementing a successful interlock program. Method: There are three parts to the evaluation. In the first, a sample of drivers arrested for driving on a driving under the influence (DUI)-suspended driver license was examined to calculate the rate at which courts order interlocks for DUI-suspended drivers, as required by California law. The second part of the study used Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) records to count the statewide rate of court-ignition interlock device (IID) orders across time and jurisdictions. The final part surveyed judges, district/city attorneys, and offenders installing an interlock to obtain information about their use of interlock, barriers to implementing an interlock program, and the effectiveness of the devices in preventing drinking and driving. Results: It was found that conviction rates for driving while suspended are low; that judges order interlocks for only a fraction of the convicted driving-while-suspended (DWS) offenders who should receive such an order; and that the majority of offenders who are ordered by the court to install an ignition interlock in their vehicle do not do so. Impact on Industry: Any successful interlock program will need to find a way to balance the inability of many offenders to pay for the devices, with the need for the industry to remain economically viable.     

Bioavailable DDT residues in sediments: laboratory assessment of ageing effects using semi-permeable membrane devices

We describe the reduction in bioavailability of DDT in contaminated soil after it was incubated as sediment for 365 d. Bioavailability was assessed using semi-permeable membranes. Contaminated soils from three cattle dip sites, one spiked paired uncontaminated site, and one spiked OECD standard soil were studied. Sandy soil with residues of 1880 mg/kg summation operator DDT incurred since 1962, initially had 4.6% of summation operator DDT available, reducing to 0.6% following 365 d. Clay soil (1108 mg summation operator DDT/kg) had 4.1% initially available, reducing to 0.3% after 365 d. Freshly spiked soils had a greater amount of DDT initially available (10.9%), but this reduced to 1.5% by the end of the incubation. Of the DDT congeners, both o,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDD were most bioavailable in the soils, but also had the most significant decrease following incubation.     

利用三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜评价土壤中多环芳烃的生物可利用性

将一种新型被动式采样器——三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAMs)暴露于10种人工老化土壤中富集萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs),并与土壤模型动物——赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)进行比较以研究该采样器用于评价土壤中多环芳烃生物可利用性的可能性.研究结果表明,TECAMs能有效富集土壤中萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘,并在48h内基本达到平衡,远快于赤子爱胜蚓的21d平衡时间.TECAMs内PAHs含量与土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量呈正相关(p<0.05),而与土壤中总有机质(TOM)含量呈负相关(p<0.05),土壤pH对TECAMs富集PAHs的影响不显著(p<0.05).TECAMs内PAHs含量与土壤中PAHs含量、赤子爱胜蚓体内PAHs含量均呈显著线性正相关(p<0.05,p<0.01).研究结果表明TECAMs有可能应用于评价土壤中PAHs的生物可利用性.     

浅谈可燃气体检测报警器管理及应用

报警器使用过程中经常出现准确度下降、零点漂移、检测器损坏等问题,严重影响着企业的安全生产.分析了可燃气体报警器使用过程中存在的问题,提出了相应的解决方案.     

A Biomimetic Approach to the Detection and Identification of Estrogen Receptor Agonists in Surface Waters Using Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis (12 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Some anthropogenic pollutants posses the capacity to disrupt endogenous control of developmental and reproductive processes in aquatic biota by activating estrogen receptors. Many anthropogenic estrogen receptor agonists (ERAs) are hydrophobic and will therefore readily partition into the abiotic organic carbon phases present in natural waters. This partitioning process effectively reduces the proportion of ERAs readily available for bioconcentration by aquatic biota. Results from some studies have suggested that for many aquatic species, bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction may be the principal route of uptake for hydrophobic pollutants with logarithm n-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) values less than approximately 6.0, which includes the majority of known anthropogenic ERAs. The detection and identification of freely-dissolved readily bioconcentratable ERAs is therefore an important aspect of exposure and risk assessment. However, most studies use conventional techniques to sample total ERA concentrations and in doing so frequently fail to account for bioconcentration of the freely-dissolved fraction. The aim of the current study was to couple the biomimetic sampling properties of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to a bioassay-directed chemical analysis (BDCA) scheme for the detection and identification of readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. Methods SPMDs were constructed and deployed at a number of sites in Germany and the UK. Following the dialytic recovery of target compounds and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, SPMD samples were fractionated using a reverse-phase HPLC method calibrated to provide an estimation of target analyte log Kow. A portion of each HPLC fraction was then subjected to the yeast estrogen screen (YES) to determine estrogenic potential. Results were plotted in the form of 'estrograms' which displayed profiles of estrogenic potential as a function of HPLC retention time (i.e. hydrophobicity) for each of the samples. Where significant activity was elicited in the YES, the remaining portion of the respective active fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in an attempt to identify the ERAs present. Results and Discussion Estrograms from each of the field samples showed that readily bioconcentratable ERAs were present at each of the sampling sites. Estimated log Kow values for the various active fractions ranged from 1.92 to 8.63. For some samples, estrogenic potential was associated with a relatively narrow range of log Kow values whilst in others estrogenic potential was more widely distributed across the respective estrograms. ERAs identified in active fractions included some benzophenones, various nonylphenol isomers, benzyl butyl phthalate, dehydroabietic acid, sitosterol, 3-(4-methylbenzylidine)camphor (4-MBC) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (AHTN). Other tentatively identified compounds which may have contributed to the observed YES activity included various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their alkylated derivatives, methylated benzylphenols, various alkylphenols and dialkylphenols. However, potential ERAs present in some active fractions remain unidentified. Conclusions and Outlook Our results show that SPMD-YES-based BDCA can be used to detect and identify readily bioconcentratable ERAs in surface waters. As such, this biomimetic approach can be employed as an alternative to conventional methodologies to provide investigators with a more environmentally relevant insight into the distribution and identity of ERAs in surface waters. The use of alternative bioassays also has the potential to expand SPMD-based BDCA to include a wide range of toxicological endpoints. Improvements to the analytical methodology used to identify ERAs or other target compounds in active fractions in the current study could greatly enhance the applicability of the methodology to risk assessment and monitoring programmes.     

Pine needle and semi-permeable membrane device derived organochlorine compounds (OCPs) concentrations in air in Mersin Province to Taurus,Turkey

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in three different ages (half-, 1.5-, 2.5-year-old) for needles and semi permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) at three deployment periods from sea level to 1881 meter above sea level. Individual HCHs concentrations ranged between 1.4 and 129?pg/g fw depending on the age and sampling season while 2.5-year-old needles showed higher HCHs levels compared to half and 1.5- year-old. Correlation between elevation and HCH concentration in SPMDs was found but not in needle samples. Concentrations of HCHs in SPMDs indicated clearly cold condensation effect on accumulation in winter period and increased with altitude. Concentrations of DDTs in half and 1.5-year-old needles were lower than 2.5-year-old needles. The highest total concentration of DDTs was detected in 1-year-period SPMD. Higher concentrations were found in 2.5-year-old needles for other OCPs. Seasonal and altitude-dependent changes were not observed for other OCPs in SMPDs. Total accumulation of OCPs in SPMDs were found higher than in needles. On the contrary, an increased accumulation rate was observed for HCHs in SPMD. In general, Total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were similar to total of other OCPs in all altitudes when dominating endosulfan wasnot taken into account in the computation of total concentration of other OCPs.