低压供电系统安全性评价与比较

以最常见的系统内部故障引发的间接电击和其他危险情况为着眼点,从接地(或接零)保护和自动断电两种最基本的间接电击防护措施、与供电系统自身结构有关的安全隐患与风险、安全管理要求4个方面综合评价和比较各种低压供电系统的安全性。得出TT系统比TN系统更安全这一有悖于我国当前主流认识的评价结果。据此评价结果推广TT系统限制TN系统的使用符合国际趋势。     

Contrasting effects of black carbon amendments on PAH bioaccumulation by Chironomus plumosus larvae in two distinct sediments: role of water absorption and particle ingestion

Two sediment matrices with different characteristics were amended with chars from different sources for bioaccumulation assay with filter-feeding Chironomus plumosus larvae. Chars greatly decreased porewater concentrations of PAHs (C_iw) measured using polyethylene devices in sediments. In organic rich sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were absent, PAH concentrations in larvae (C_iB) were significantly correlated with C_iw, and there was no difference in water-based bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) between different treatments, suggesting that water absorption was the main contaminant uptake route for larvae. In organic poor sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were present, poor Pearson correlation between C_iB and C_iw was found, but there was a significant linear increase of BAF values with char contents, which indicated that ingestion of suspended char particles could also be important for PAH bioaccumulation. Therefore, we need to rethink of the effectiveness and risks for the application of black carbon to sediment/soil remediation.     

Pine needle and semi-permeable membrane device derived organochlorine compounds (OCPs) concentrations in air in Mersin Province to Taurus,Turkey

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in three different ages (half-, 1.5-, 2.5-year-old) for needles and semi permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) at three deployment periods from sea level to 1881 meter above sea level. Individual HCHs concentrations ranged between 1.4 and 129?pg/g fw depending on the age and sampling season while 2.5-year-old needles showed higher HCHs levels compared to half and 1.5- year-old. Correlation between elevation and HCH concentration in SPMDs was found but not in needle samples. Concentrations of HCHs in SPMDs indicated clearly cold condensation effect on accumulation in winter period and increased with altitude. Concentrations of DDTs in half and 1.5-year-old needles were lower than 2.5-year-old needles. The highest total concentration of DDTs was detected in 1-year-period SPMD. Higher concentrations were found in 2.5-year-old needles for other OCPs. Seasonal and altitude-dependent changes were not observed for other OCPs in SMPDs. Total accumulation of OCPs in SPMDs were found higher than in needles. On the contrary, an increased accumulation rate was observed for HCHs in SPMD. In general, Total concentrations of DDTs and HCHs were similar to total of other OCPs in all altitudes when dominating endosulfan wasnot taken into account in the computation of total concentration of other OCPs.     

Independent factors associated with bicycle helmet use in a Korean population: A cross-sectional study

Objective: Although identification of factors that influence helmet use during bicycle riding is necessary for the selection of groups that require safe cycling education, limited baseline data are available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the rate of helmet use and the demographic factors that were independently associated with helmet use among Korean bicycle riders.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used public data from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2013 and 2014. Helmet users were defined as subjects who always, usually, or frequently wore helmets when cycling. Independent factors associated with helmet use were determined using odds ratios (ORss) adjusted for 5 demographic factors via multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: In the total population, 4,103 individuals were bicycle riders; among these, 782 individuals (19.1%) wore helmets. A total of 21.1% of male riders used helmets, compared to 15.5% of female riders (P <.001). The adjusted logistic regression model revealed that female sex (OR = 0.665; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.554–0.797), teenage status (OR = 0.475, 95% CI, 0.333–0.678), and low household income (OR = 0.657, 95% CI 0.513–0.841) were significantly associated with nonuse of helmets.

Conclusions: Female sex, teenage status, and low household income were independent factors associated with the nonuse of helmets. We identified factors associated with helmet use during bicycle riding through analysis of baseline data on helmet usage.     

微絮凝过滤中SCD自动控制投药系统干扰调控能力研究

针对某水库源水,通过中试试验结合理论分析,对SCD自动控制加药技术用于微絮凝过滤作了较为系统的分析和研究。试验结果表明,SCD抗干扰调控能力强,并指出某水库水采用流动电流自动控制混凝加药技术是可行的。     

温泉台十五防雷建设

本文依据国家防雷标准,以及温泉台地形、地质的实际情况对温泉台在十五改造中需要引起足够重视的防雷措施进行了具体的设计和施工。经本地区有关防雷部门的测定,各项指标均达到了国家防雷标准。希望能够为台站在防雷建设方面提供一个例证。     

温泉台十五防雷建设

本文依据国家防雷标准，以及温泉台地形、地质的实际情况对温泉台在十五改造中需要引起足够重视的防雷措施进行了具体的设计和施工。经本地区有关防雷部门的测定，各项指标均达到了国家防雷标准。希望能够为台站在防雷建设方面提供一个例证。     

半透膜渗透吸附装置(SPMD)的海洋有机氯农药监测研究

半透膜渗透吸附装置（ＳＰＭＤ）是国际上新兴的海洋污染监恻技术，即用甘油三油酸酯模仿贻贝体内脂肪吸附海永中有机污染物如有机氯农药六六六、ＤＤＴ和艾氏剂等。结果显示吸附性能良好，可替代天然贻贝、蛤、蚝、蛏、螺进行污染监测，并可克服因生物种类、性别、生长期不同引起的差异和不可对比性，也可克服生物体内生化降解作用，有着广泛的研究和应用前景。     

Assessing the toxicity and teratogenicity of pond water in north-central minnesota to amphibians

BACKGROUND: Incidence of amphibian deformities have increased in recent years, especially in the northern region of the United States. While many factors have been proposed as being responsible for generating deformities (e.g., contaminants, ultraviolet radiation [UV], parasites), no single cause has been definitively established. METHODS: To determine whether waterborne chemicals are responsible for amphibian deformities in ponds in north-central Minnesota, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in an impacted and a reference site to accumulate lipophilic contaminants. We then exposed native tadpoles (northern leopard frogs; Rana pipiens) to the SPMD extracts combined with two agricultural pesticides (atrazine, carbaryl) at two levels of UV radiation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: UV radiation alone caused a slight increase in hatching success and tadpole growth rate. Deformity rate among hatchlings was high following exposure to SPMD extracts from the reference site in the absence of UV, suggesting that chemicals present at this site are broken down by UV to less harmful forms, or become less bioavailable. Conversely, impacted site SPMD extracts caused hatchling deformities only in the presence of UV, suggesting that UV potentiates the teratogenicity of the compounds present there. Impacted site SPMD extracts significantly increased the number of bony triangles among metamorphs, a common deformity observed at this site. The incidence of skin webbings increased significantly with SPMD extracts from both sites as well as with our pesticide control containing atrazine and carbaryl alone. CONCLUSIONS: Higher deformity rates among tadpoles reared in the presence of UV radiation and SPMD extracts from sites where deformities are common indicates a chemical compound (or compounds) in the water at this site may be causing the deformities. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: It is important to examine the effects of chemical stressors in the presence of other natural stressors (e.g., UV radiation) to gain a better understanding of how multiple stressors work to impact amphibians and amphibian populations.     

Application of semipermeable membrane device for assessing toxicity in drinking water

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) mimic passive diffusive transport of bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds through biological membranes and their partitioning between lipids and environmental levels. Our study was developed on a surface water treatment plant based in Turin, Northern Italy. The investigated plant treats Po River surface water and it supplies about 20% of the drinking water required by Turin city (about one million inhabitants). Surface water (input) and drinking water (output) were monitored with SPMDs from October 2001 to January 2004, over a period of 30 days. The contaminant residues, monthly extracted from SPMDs by dialysis in organic solvent, were tested with the Microtox^TM acute toxic test and with the Ames mutagenicity test. Same extracts were also analyzed with gaschromatography—mass spectrometry technique in order to characterise the organic pollutants sampled, especially Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Although the PAHs mean concentration is about one hundred times lower in the output samples, the mean toxic units are similar in drinking and surface water.

Our data indicate that the SPMD is a suitable tool to assess the possible toxicity in drinking water.