EFFECT OF pH ON PHOSPHORUS RELEASE DURING MACROPHYTE (ELEOCHARIS sp.) DECOMPOSITION1

ABSTRACT: Laboratory microcosms were used to evaluate the effect of pH on release of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) during aerobic decomposition of the aquatic macrophyte Eleocharis sp., which is common in oligotrophic Florida lakes. The total amount of SRP released during a 227-day incubation in the dark was independent of pH over the range 3.7 to 5.5, but initial rates of release were faster at the lowest pH. The results indicate that the low total phosphorus concentrations observed in many acidic lakes are not necessarily attributable to reduced rates of decomposition and nutrient mineralization at low pH, as some researchers have suggested.     

低污染水生态净化组合技术应用

为有效提升低污染水体环境质量,采用生态净化组合技术,通过对环境基底改造、水质生物强化、水生植物恢复、水景观构建等处理技术的集成与优化,构建以活水为基础、以生态净化为核心、兼顾景观提升的低污染水体水环境组合整治系统. 结果表明,该组合技术成功恢复大型水生植物18种,水生植物覆盖率达90%,形成由挺水植物、浮水植物和沉水植物组成的良性水生态系统. 组合生态净化工程实施后,底泥pH由6.80~7.60升至7.30~7.90,E_h(氧化还原电位)由-210~-150 mV升至-62~31 mV,底质生境得到显著改善;水体透明度由15~35 cm显著升至83~145 cm,下层水体ρ(DO)由0.48~1.03 mg/L升至3.43~15.61 mg/L,ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TP)的削减率分别达到76%、85%和92%;水体浮游植物总数和总生物量分别减少了84.0%和90.6%,浮游植物群丛类型由富营养蓝藻(平裂藻)型转变为中-富营养混合型. 因此,水生态净化组合技术可有效净化低污染水的同时,还可提高水生态系统多样性.      

蠡湖水体透明度的时空变化及其影响因素

为揭示浅水湖泊水体SD(透明度)下降的主导因子,根据2012—2013年现场调查资料和历史监测资料,分析了浅水湖泊蠡湖SD的时空分布特征、变化规律及主要影响因素,并重点探讨了SD与ρ(TSS)(TSS为总悬浮物)、ρ(Chla)和ρ(DOC)的相互关系. 结果表明:SD在年内变化范围为20.0～209.0 cm,平均值为64.1 cm,总体上呈西蠡湖大于东蠡湖、湖心大于沿岸区的分布趋势;春、夏、秋、冬四季的SD分别为(51.1±15.1)、(41.3±10.6)、(28.3±7.4)和(127.1±43.2)cm,表现为冬季>春季>夏季>秋季,冬季SD平均值可达127.1 cm,而秋季仅有28.3 cm. 多元回归分析表明,ρ(TSS)是影响水体SD的最主要因子,其次为浮游藻类生物量;SD与ρ(TSS)呈幂函数关系,拟合方程为y=220.61x-0.545 0.      

太湖湖滨带浮叶植物菱(Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb)对氮素再悬浮的影响

大型浅水湖泊沉积物的再悬浮是湖泊生态系统的重要过程之一,也是影响湖泊内源负荷的主要因子之一。大型水生植物在抑制沉积物再悬浮方面有重要作用。通过测定浮叶植物生长区内外的沉积物再悬浮速率、沉积物总氮含量和水中总氮浓度,探讨太湖湖滨带浮叶植物菱（Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb）对沉积物中氮素再悬浮的影响。研究结果发现菱对沉积物的再悬浮有良好的抑制作用,在研究期间,菱生长区内的平均沉积物再悬浮速率为218.46 g dw m-2d-1,生长区外为658.13 g dw m-2d-1。随着沉积物的再悬浮,在生长区内平均每天每平方米有719.63 mg N（每年每平方米262.66 g）被带入水中,在生长区外相应的数字为1 536.14 mg（每年每平方米560.69 g）。另外在研究中发现上层沉积物总氮含量受风浪影响较大,与沉积物再悬浮速率呈负相关。恢复浮叶植物能有效控制湖泊沉积物再悬浮,降低湖水氮负荷。     

苦草密度对扰动引起各形态磷释放的影响

采用富营养化水体底泥培育苦草Vallisneria natans,构建密度0、20、40、100、300、450、600株·m-2的沉水植物苦草,模拟一次大风浪扰动过程扰动24 h,然后静置126 h。监测扰动和静置过程中不同密度苦草条件下水体中各形态磷含量的变化,及水体浊度的变化规律和水体中悬浮颗粒物结构。实验结果表明：苦草密度为0、20和40株·m-2的实验组扰动初浊度和水体中各形态磷含量迅速升高,并在第10 h左右达到最大值,随后下降。当苦草密度大于100株·m-2时,水体中浊度和各形态磷含量扰动前后无明显变化。随着沉水植物密度的增加,扰动所引起沉积物磷释放总量呈指数曲线降低。不同密度的苦草水体悬浮物的中值粒径在扰动后3 h达到最大值,但是在扰动后期,中值粒径开始下降,并且在实验第36 h达到最小值。数学模拟表明水体中各形态磷的含量与扰动实验时间和苦草密度的关系函数模拟均达到极显著水平。本实验研究说明：沉水植物密度的增加能显著抑制沉积物中磷的释放,并且当苦草密度大于100株·m-2时扰动所引起的沉积物磷释放影响不显著。扰动所引起的悬浮物的粒度变小,比表面积增大,对磷的吸附能力就越强,是水体扰动后期磷含量降低的主要原因。     

腐解黑藻生物量对高硝态氮水体氮素的影响

采用常见沉水植物黑藻为试验材料,引入太湖底泥并设定上覆水初始ρ(硝态氮)为15 mg/L,模拟初春沉水植物大规模腐烂时的温度,开展为期32 d的黑藻腐解试验研究. 结果显示,黑藻腐解对水体中ρ(氨氮)与ρ(硝态氮)之和的影响呈U字型,试验条件下黑藻腐解生物量为2.0 g(相当于0.111 kg/m2)时,水体中ρ(氨氮)与ρ(硝态氮)之和最低. 随着黑藻的腐解,释放进入水体的有机质和氮素增加,但同时也提高了水体中的ρ(TOC)/ρ(硝态氮)值,降低了Eh,提高了微生物的活性,因此有利于反硝化反应的发生.      

COVERING BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AS A LAKE RESTORATION TECHNIQUE1

ABSTRACT: Sediment covering to control macrophytes and sediment nutrient release is reviewed. It is concluded that fly ash application to control sediment phosphorus release presents more dangers to the lake than benefits and should not be used. Polyethylene sheeting has not had long term effectiveness due to macrophyte regrowth on its surface. PVC-coated fiberglass screen is expensive but nontoxic and appears to give long term macrophyte control. Similar results may be obtained with spun-bonded polypropylene. Sand, clay, and sheeting to retard nutrient release have received insufficient attention.     

Phytotoxicity of four herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii

The physiological effects of 4 herbicides (butachlor, quinclorac, bensulfuron-methyl and atrazine) on 3 submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii) were tested in laboratory conditions. The variables of the relative growth rate and the photosynthetic pigments content showed that all of the tested herbicides affected the growth of the plants obviously. The abnormal growth of the plants was observed in most treatment groups, even at the lowest concentration (0.0001 mg/L). Except for the C. demersum treated with quinclorac at 0.005 and 0.01 mg/L, the relative growth rates of the plants were inhibited significantly (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis of Chl-a content was carried out with both the t-test and one-way ANOVA to determine the difference between the treatment groups and control. The results showed that Chl-a contents of the plants in all treatment groups were affected by herbicides significantly, except for the C. demersum treated with bensulfuron-methyl at 0.0005 mg/L. The decrease content in Chl-a was positively correlated to the dosage of the herbicides in most treatment groups. It was suggested that herbicides in water body might potentially affect the growth of aquatic macrophytes. Since the Chl-a content of submerged macrophytes responded to the stress of herbicides sensitively and directly, it could be used as biomaker in environmental monitoring or in the ecological risk assessment of herbicide contamination.     

沉水植物对斑马鱼鱼卵孵化及仔鱼生长的影响

在实验室条件下,模拟了沉水植物对鱼卵孵化和仔鱼生长的影响.结果表明当水草覆盖度在50%以下时,鱼卵的孵化率与无水草组相比并无实际区别,而当水草覆盖度达到75%时,并没有提高鱼卵的孵化率.鱼卵的孵化与水温、溶解氧、水质等均有一定关系.沉水植物通过影响水质指标从而间接地影响鱼卵的孵化.在短时间内,无水草组各项水质条件与水草覆盖度为25%及50%组并无实质区别,而过多的沉水植物通过影响光照和pH而对鱼卵的孵化产生不利影响.当水草的覆盖度为25%和50%时,仔鱼的成活率高、畸形率低、平均体长和体重都较高.沉水植物表面存在着能为仔鱼所摄取的大量周丛生物,从而在一定程度上能间接地影响仔鱼的体长、体重等生长指标.     

中国湖泊水生植被退化现状与对策

以中国东部湖区与云贵湖区的若干湖泊为例,论述了中国湖泊水生植被退化的现状与问题。这些问题主要是水生植被分布面积缩小,水生植物分布深度下降,总生物量下降,物种多样性下降,耐污性较强的植物发展迅速。区别于国内外其它研究主要是从水生植物自身的生理学角度阐述水生植被退化的原因,本文是从人口密度、人口压力、经济发展、城市化进程等社会因素方面深层次分析了中国水生植被退化的因素,并且提出了可能的恢复对策与恢复过程中可能存在的问题。认为水生植被恢复,在截污的基础上,营造水生植被适宜生长的小生境至关重要。由于水生植被恢复与自然演替是一个同时存在的动态过程,以及水生植被恢复指标的不可确定等,所以水生植被生态恢复无论在基础理论研究方面还是生态工程实施技术上都有许多值得进一步探讨和研究之处。