Applications of Venturi Principle to Water Aeration Systems

The concentration of dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of water quality because aquatic life lives on the dissolved oxygen in the water. Aeration can increase dissolved oxygen when levels become deficient. Hydraulic structures can significantly improve dissolved oxygen levels by creating turbulent conditions where small air bubbles are carried into the bulk of the flow. Recent researches have focused on developing measurement and predictive techniques for oxygen transfer at hydraulic structures to maintain and enhance water quality. However, reviewing existing studies on aeration performance of hydraulic structures, it seems that there are not too many studies on venturi aeration. The present paper shows applications of venturi principle to water aeration systems. The aeration characteristics of venturi nozzle, venturi conduit and venturi weir are analyzed. The results indicate that venturi aeration might contribute significantly to air entrainment and aeration efficiency. Therefore, venturi device can be used as highly effective aerator in aeration processes.     

BAM-1020大气颗粒物(PM10)监测仪介绍及日常维护经验

BAM-1020大气颗粒物(PM10)监测仪器原理、工作方式的介绍以及日常维护和常见故障的排除方法.     

Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling of plant colonisation by winged aphids: Inferring dispersal processes by linking aerial and field count data

Understanding and modelling insect pest dispersal is an important prerequisite for designing integrated pest management programs. Nevertheless, studies investigating the dispersal of small insects in natural conditions remain scarce mainly because of the difficulty of tracking the movements of these organisms. Here we propose to use Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling (HBM) framework to gain knowledge on hidden processes that cannot be observed directly in natura, such as insect landing and insect mortality, through the definition of latent variables. An HBM describing crop colonization by winged aphids was fitted to a large dataset of field observations issued from a long term survey at a wide scale of both aerial and field densities of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. This study provides the first evidence that suction trap data are reliable proxies of aphid colonizing rates in cereal fields in autumn and can be a nice alternative to the very time-consuming crop sampling. The proportion of winged aphids landing in cereal fields is shown to vary between regions according to the degree of investment of local R. padi population in sexual reproduction. Results also indicate that under autumnal field conditions, less than 5% of winged aphids survive more than 10 days after landing. This HBM provides the basis of a predictive model for aphid crop colonization that fully accounts for all sources of uncertainty. It should be of great value to improve the trust of users in any decision making systems.     

电极喷嘴布置对NO电晕氧化过程影响的试验研究

使用湿空气作为自由基源物质 ,研究了电极喷嘴布置对电晕放电特性、NO电晕氧化过程的影响 .结果表明 ,随着电极喷嘴数的增加 ,总电晕区域变大 ,流光的脉动重复率增加 ,NO的氧化率提高 .试验条件下 ,对应B(14 )、B(8)、A(7)、A(4 )的放电电极 ,电晕反应器NO的氧化率最高可分别达到 65 3 %、5 0 5 %、5 1 3 %、2 7 5 % .采用喷嘴数较多的电极时 ,NO电晕氧化的能量效率较高 ,有效工作区内 ,对应B(14 )、B(8)、A(7)、A(4 )的放电电极 ,电晕反应器NO氧化的能量效率最高分别为 5 3 1g·kWh- 1 、5 0 2g·kWh- 1 、5 0 7g·kWh- 1 、3 8 0g·kWh- 1 ,它们对应的NO氧化率分别为 5 3 8%、42 5 %、48 8%、2 3 0 % .喷嘴数目相同时 ,A型电极所形成的电晕流光在电晕反应器内具有更好的充满度 ,更有利于烟气NOx 脱除 .     

旅客列车真空集便器便盆冲洗排空影响因素及相关技术研究

旅客列车真空集便器便盆污物冲洗排空效果受诸多因素影响,各影响因素间相互作用.为实现以较低冲洗水量达到良好冲洗排空效果、提高系统洁净性能,对便盆曲面、冲洗流型进行分析设计,对旋流和扇面2种不同冲洗流型特点进行比较,分析不同设计参数及安装位置对冲洗排空效果的影响,最终通过试验研究验证冲洗喷嘴的安装位置、旋流喷嘴的射流方向等...     

水幕隔尘用缝隙喷口的边界流线构造与出流速度分布

为解决常规水幕除尘装置阻隔巷道或隧道的问题,基于势流叠加原理,推导缝隙喷口边界流线方程,构造喷口流线型边界线.在SolidWorks中利用流线型边界线形成二维面,拉伸得到三维结构;针对该喷口及现有锥形缝隙喷口,采用CFD软件中的Realizable k-ε湍流模型,完成内部流场的数值模拟.研究结果表明:入水口附近存在流...     

含水雾横向风作用下双喷口射流扩散火焰特性

为探究在横向风作用下不同超细水雾含量对双喷口射流扩散火焰燃烧特性的影响,利用高速摄像机拍摄火焰几何形态,分析不同喷口间距和横向风中的超细水雾含量对火焰形态演化、火焰长度和火焰吹熄极限的影响,并基于前人数学模型,推导与增长区域试验数据具有较好相关性的火焰拉伸长度变化的经验公式.结果 表明:随着横向风中雾通量的增加,双喷口...     

Effect of injection timing,injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources

Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 4° bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 19° bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.     

滤筒除尘器脉冲清灰动态分析

对常用规格φ325 mm×660 mm滤筒采用普通喷吹孔和诱导喷嘴进行脉冲清灰实验研究,测试滤筒侧壁压力峰值和压力上升速度,并使用高速动态分析仪拍摄清灰时粉尘从滤筒壁面脱落的动态过程。实验证明了滤筒脉冲清灰时,粉尘的脱落是从滤筒上部到下部依次进行,滤筒侧壁第一个压力峰值、最大压力峰值和压力上升速度对清灰效果均有影响,且脉冲气流形成的第一个侧壁压力峰值对滤筒的第一次冲击对清灰来说起着决定性的作用,回流气流形成的侧壁压力峰值作用较弱。而压力上升速度不能完全作为评价清灰效果好坏的指标。实验证明,采用诱导喷嘴可以改善滤筒内部流场,提高清灰效率。     

消防脉冲水枪喷嘴结构优化研究

为了进一步提高脉冲水枪的灭火效率,采用CFD技术对维多辛斯基曲线结构、锥直结构和锥角结构3种喷嘴结构进行选型优化。CFD数值模型采用RNG k-ε方法模拟湍流,利用VOF模型追踪管道内部及外部流场的气液界面,研究了不同喷嘴结构对气液分布、能量转化、速度分布的影响,并结合水室中水的体积分数和出口速度曲线图对喷射周期进行分析。研究结果表明:维多辛斯基曲线结构射流周期T=14.8 ms、锥直结构T=15.4 ms、锥角结构T=17 ms;维多辛斯基曲线结构和锥直结构的出口速度衰减较缓慢,喷嘴前端的圆柱结构能提高射流速度的稳定性;维多辛斯基曲线结构喷嘴的出口速度更稳定、集束性更好、能量转化率更高,且产生的射流水柱呈锥式逐渐扩散,动能集中分布在轴线附近,能有效增大喷射距离,提高脉冲水枪的灭火效率。