海南岛吊罗山植物群落特征和物种多样性分析

根据吊罗山自然保护区不同海拔6个植物群落的样方资料,分析了吊罗山植物群落结构特征和物种多样性,同时比较了吊罗山植物群落与邻近地区植物群落的组成特征。研究结果表明吊罗山低地雨林乔木层以蝴蝶树、青梅、高山榕、粘木、长脐红豆、海南柿、肉实树和海南木莲为主,灌木层以白颜树、白茶、柏拉木和九节为主;山地雨林以陆均松、鸡毛松、黄叶树、阿丁枫、扫把青冈和海南杨桐为优势种;山顶常绿矮林则以山地常绿阔叶林陆均松、琼崖柯、岭南青冈和油丹等种类的矮化为特征。植物群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数分析表明,吊罗山植物群落物种多样性在空间的变化基本上表现为随海拔梯度增加而降低,次生林物种多样性最低,山地雨林和山顶矮林物种均匀度指数最高,群落优势种明显。     

长三角背景点夏季大气PM2.5中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的污染特征和来源解析

为探讨长三角背景点有机气溶胶的污染特征和来源,于2018年夏季在崇明岛进行了为期3个月的PM_2.5样品昼夜采集,使用气相色谱-质谱技术分析其中正构烷烃(normal alkanes,n-alkanes)和多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的质量浓度和分子组成,并结合后向轨迹和正交矩阵(positive matrix factorization,PMF)解析其来源.结果表明,观测期间崇明岛PM_2.5的质量浓度为(33±21)μg·m^-3,低于国家空气质量一级标准(GB3095-2012,35μg·m^-3),但仍有部分时段污染较重,超标率为35%.其中n-alkanes和PAHs的浓度均值分别为(26±44) ng·m^-3和(0. 76±1. 0) ng·m^-3,污染期(PM_2.5≥35μg·m^-3)比清洁期(PM_2.5<15μg·m     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

大金山岛土壤重金属污染评价及相关性分析

大金山岛是上海自然陆地海拔最高点,为了探明大金山岛陆域土壤重金属污染状况及其相关性,本研究以网格法及蛇形采样法进行布点采样,采用单因子污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对大金山岛陆域土壤环境重金属污染状况进行评价.结果表明,大金山岛陆域土壤重金属基本符合一级土壤标准,其中Cd有轻微污染,样品超标率为85.4%;其次是Pb,超标率为26.8%;Zn和Cu未超标.Pb-Cu、Pb-Zn、Cu-Zn之间在P=0.05水平有显著正相关性,说明其同源性较高,受成土母质影响很大,这也间接说明大金山岛被保护尚好,受人为活动影响较小.     

海南岛西部非农用地土壤中的稀土元素地球化学特征

对海南岛西部发育典型的12个非农业土壤剖面REE的组成特征及其纵向变化规律进行研究发现,区内非农业土壤剖面不同层位之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性,风化成土的基岩奠定了土壤中稀土元素的初始含量及土壤中呈现的LREE富集与Eu亏损的特点,而成土过程中稀土元素分异作用则进一步加剧土壤中LREE的富集和Eu亏损,土壤剖面浅部的氧化和水解作用致使Ce在浅层土壤中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出正异常增大之趋势。区内稀土元素的赋存状态与稀土元素性质及其所处的土壤地球化学环境有密切联系,同一层中不同形态稀土元素含量总体上表现为残渣态>Fe-Mn结合态>有机态>可交换态(含水溶态)>碳酸盐态,而往土壤深部,残渣态所占比例逐步增大,Fe-Mn结合态、有机态与可交换态(含水溶态)所占比例逐步降低。     

The contribution of policy,law, management,research, and advocacy failings to the recent extinctions of three Australian vertebrate species

Extinctions typically have ecological drivers, such as habitat loss. However, extinction events are also influenced by policy and management settings that may be antithetical to biodiversity conservation, inadequate to prevent extinction, insufficiently resourced, or poorly implemented. Three endemic Australian vertebrate species—the Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi), Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola), and Christmas Island forest skink (Emoia nativitatis)—became extinct from 2009 to 2014. All 3 extinctions were predictable and probably preventable. We sought to identify the policy, management, research, and other shortcomings that contributed to their extinctions or failed to prevent them. These included a lack within national environmental legislation and policy of explicit commitment to the prevention of avoidable extinctions, lack of explicit accountability, inadequate resources for conservation (particularly for species not considered charismatic or not of high taxonomic distinctiveness), inadequate biosecurity, a slow and inadequate process for listing species as threatened, recovery planning that failed to consider the need for emergency response, inability of researchers to identify major threatening factors, lack of public engagement and involvement in conservation decisions, and limited advocacy. From these 3 cases, we recommend: environmental policy explicitly seeks to prevent extinction of any species and provides a clear chain of accountability and an explicit requirement for public inquiry following any extinction; implementation of a timely and comprehensive process for listing species as threatened and for recovery planning; reservation alone not be assumed sufficient to maintain species; enhancement of biosecurity measures; allocation of sufficient resources to undertake actions necessary to prevent extinction; monitoring be considered a pivotal component of the conservation response; research provides timely identification of factors responsible for decline and of the risk of extinction; effective dissemination of research results; advocacy by an informed public for the recovery of threatened species; and public involvement in governance of the recovery process. These recommendations should be applicable broadly to reduce the likelihood and incidence of extinctions.     

Genetically informed captive breeding of hybrids of an extinct species of Galapagos tortoise

Hybridization poses a major challenge for species conservation because it threatens both genetic integrity and adaptive potential. Yet, hybridization can occasionally offer unprecedented opportunity for species recovery if the genome of an extinct taxon is present among living hybrids such that selective breeding could recapture it. We explored the design elements for establishing a captive-breeding program for Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis spp.) built around individuals with admixed ancestry involving an extinct species. The target individuals were hybrids between the extinct species from Floreana Island, C. niger, and an extant species, C. becki, which were recently found in the endemic range of C. becki, from Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island. We combined genotypic data from 35 tortoises with high ancestry from C. niger with forward-in-time simulations to explore captive breeding strategies that maximized overall genetic diversity and ancestry from C. niger while accommodating resource constraints, species biology, and the urgency to return tortoises to Floreana Island for facilitating ecosystem restoration. Overall genetic diversity was maximized when in the simulation tortoises were organized in relatively small breeding groups. Substantial amounts of the C. niger genome were captured despite limited resources available for selectively breeding tortoises in captivity. Genetic diversity was maximized when captive-bred offspring were released to the wild rather than being used as additional breeders. Our results provide genetic-based and practical guidance on the inclusion of hybrids with genomic representation from extinct taxa into species restoration programs and informs the ongoing debate on the value of hybrids in biodiversity conservation.     

崇明北滩鱼类群落生物多样性初探

对1994~2003年崇明北滩鱼类群落进行了研究,用多种指数对该群落生物多样性进行了描述。该群落共有鱼类33种,分别隶属于10目19科29属。生态类型为江海洄游鱼类、河口鱼类和海水鱼类,小型鱼类占绝对优势。群落优势种为凤鲚、棘头梅童鱼和小黄鱼。多样性特征值年间平均指标为：Margalef指数0.84,Wilhm改进指数1.51,Pielou指数0.63,McNaughton指数0.67。崇明北滩鱼类群落经济鱼类趋于小型化,生物多样性呈下降趋势。水环境污染及工程建设的不利影响应得到重视,无选择性网具的使用应受到严格控制。     

Phenotypic Effects of Cattle Mitochondrial DNA in American Bison

Hybridization between endangered species and more common species is a significant problem in conservation biology because it may result in extinction or loss of adaptation. The historical reduction in abundance and geographic distribution of the American plains bison (Bison bison bison) and their recovery over the last 125 years is well documented. However, introgression from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) into the few remaining bison populations that existed in the late 1800s has now been identified in many modern bison herds. We examined the phenotypic effect of this ancestry by comparing weight and height of bison with cattle or bison mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Santa Catalina Island, California (U.S.A.), a nutritionally stressful environment for bison, and of a group of age‐matched feedlot bison males in Montana, a nutritionally rich environment. The environmental and nutritional differences between these 2 bison populations were very different and demonstrated the phenotypic effect of domestic cattle mtDNA in bison over a broad range of conditions. For example, the average weight of feedlot males that were 2 years of age was 2.54 times greater than that of males from Santa Catalina Island. In both environments, bison with cattle mtDNA had lower weight compared with bison with bison mtDNA, and on Santa Catalina Island, the height of bison with cattle mtDNA was lower than the height of bison with bison mtDNA. These data support the hypothesis that body size is smaller and height is lower in bison with domestic cattle mtDNA and that genomic integrity is important for the conservation of the American plains bison. Efectos Fenotípicos del ADN Mitocondrial de Ganado en el Bisonte Americano     

海南岛地区大气输送和扩散特征的数值模拟

采用中尺度气象模式WRF及风场诊断模式CALMET,结合轨迹分析和拉格朗日随机游走模拟方法,分析了海南岛地区低层大气中尺度水平输送和扩散特性,并计算了各季平均大气扩散模态.结果表明,该区域大气污染物的扩散和输送主要受到大尺度背景环流、海陆风等局地环流及地形绕流等的影响.海陆风局地环流是沿海城市源排放的大气污染物向海南本岛输送和扩散的主要机制.北部城市海口的大气扩散对岛内影响最大,冬季平均影响范围可覆盖西北半部;春、秋季主要影响西北和北部区域;夏季对本岛的影响仅限于北部沿岸.南部城市三亚的大气扩散对岛内影响较小,秋季向西南海面的扩散对本岛几乎没有影响;冬、春季对三亚以西沿岸的影响有所增加;夏季扩散影响全面指向岛内,并因地形的作用而东、西向大角度扩展,影响海岛南部的大部分沿岸地区.西北部昌江的平均输送扩散方向与当地海岸线的走向基本一致,污染影响不易深入到岛内.其中,秋季扩散影响以偏西南方向为主,仅对昌江西南部分海岸有少量影响;冬、春季扩散形态类似但影响范围扩大到以东方市为代表的低山盆地地带;海岛西北部大部分沿海地带可受到昌江夏季扩散的影响,但平均扩散方向指向东北偏北的海面.