Calibrating and monitoring the western gray whale mitigation zone and estimating acoustic transmission during a 3D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

A 3D marine seismic survey of the Odoptu license area off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, was conducted by DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of Exxon Neftegas Limited and the Sakhalin-1 consortium during mid-August through early September 2001. The key environmental issue identified in an environmental impact assessment was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which spends the summer–fall open water period feeding off northeast Sakhalin Island in close proximity to the seismic survey area. Seismic mitigation and monitoring guidelines and recommendations were developed and implemented to reduce impacts on the feeding activity of western gray whales. Results of the acoustic monitoring program indicated that the noise monitoring and mitigation program was successful in reducing exposure of feeding western gray whales to seismic noise.     

黄海春夏季降水中常量离子化学特征分析

采集黄海千里岩岛春、夏季(2002年3月至8月)降水样品20个,测定了H 、F-、Cl-、NO 3、SO2-4、K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 、NH 4,并对常量阴、阳离子的含量及组成特征进行了分析与探讨.应用相关性分析及典型相关分析方法分别对降水中常量阴、阳离子及常量阴、阳离子整体间关系进行分析;结果显示,常量阴、阳离子整体间具有较强相关性;因子分析结果显示,各常量离子化学特征可基本确定为两个因子,F因子(FA1)及Na-Cl因子(FA2),在主因子FA1-FA2空间,绝大多数样本点聚类,部分结果水平远离平均水平,样本点异常可归为两类,分别受F因子(FA1)及Na-Cl因子(FA2)影响.     

GROUNDSURFACE WATER INTERACTION IN THE LONG ISLAND AQUIFER SYSTEM1

Steady state experimental studies with a viscous analog of the aquifer system in central Long Island, New York, have shown there to be significant interaction between surface accretion, stream base flow, well recharge, and the degree of salt water intrusion. Reductions in accretion are found to cause a proportionately larger decrease in stream base flow. The degree of intrusion is found to be related to the distribution of accretion and well recharge between stream base flow and submarine flow to the sea. This interaction poses a conflict between development of the groundwater resource and maintenance of the surface water resource. Well recharge apparently offers a potential solution to the conflict.     

南长山岛不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳密度

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中重要的碳库之一,以往对海岛生态系统土壤有机碳储量估算及其影响因素的研究较少.因此,本研究在南长山岛实测了不同土地利用方式下表层土壤的有机碳密度,比较了相互之间的差别,分析了与土壤理化性质的相关性.结果表明,南长山岛不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳密度差异显著(p0.01),表现为:针阔混交林刺槐黑松侧柏农田水库沿岸草地果园;森林土壤有机碳密度高于其他类型土壤.森林土壤有机碳密度与坡度(r=-0.459,p=0.085)、海拔相关性不显著.在土壤理化性质中,土壤全氮(r=0.763,p0.01)、有机质(r=0.833,p0.01)含量与森林土壤有机碳密度呈显著正相关.     

海南岛生态安全评价

从生态安全涵义理解出发,建立了包括资源依赖性、生态环境状态、生态系统服务功能三方面在内的区域生态安全评价体系,提出区域生态安全系数概念和计算方法,并以海南岛为例,评价了其陆地生态系统安全,得出海南陆地综合生态安全系数为0.610,其生态服务功能安全性较高(0.772),而资源依赖性安全系数最低(0.468)。从研究可知,海南岛生态安全整体情况比较好,尤其是在水土保持、自然灾害抵制、空气净化等方面,但其能源的自给能力、生物多样性维持以及生活垃圾和污水的处理等方面都存在很大的不安全隐患,应采取科学合理的措施加以改善,从而构建海南岛安全的生态系统,实现区域可持续发展。     

海南岛北部潮间带红树林对重金属的累积特征

对海南岛北部潮间带红树林湿地7种红树植物（根、茎、叶）及其根系沉积物中重金属元素含量进行了分析,结果表明：研究区湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的变异系数大于0.50,沉积物中重金属分布很不稳定。其中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量均高于海南水系沉积物背景值,可能存在外源的输入。仅有Pb的含量略低于海南水系沉积物背景值。总体来看,大部分植物显示了对Cd元素的较强的富集能力（BAC〉1）,瓶花木对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上要比其他红树植物强一些,木果楝对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上最弱。其中,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cr、Zn、As和Cd的吸收能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr和Ni的吸收能力较强,角果木（Ceriops tagal）对Pb的富集能力较强。角果木（Ceriops tagal）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）对Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cu、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）对Cr、Ni、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）对Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木果楝（Xylocarpus granatum）对Cr、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr也有较强的运输能力。但此次所研究的红树植物对As元素的运输能力均很弱,建议适量引入适宜在研究区生长并且对As元素富集能力较强的植物。     

高位池养虾对土壤微生物脂肪酸和土壤酶活及其表征的土壤质量的影响

为评价高位池养虾对土壤质量的影响,通过脂肪酸分析和土壤酶活测定比较海南岛白马井镇高位池土壤与原始土壤微生物群落结构与活性的变化.结果显示,高位池土壤的pH值和盐分含量显著升高,有机质和总N显著下降(P<0.05).脂肪酸分析表明,高位池土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和微生物总量都显著下降(P<0.05),尤其真菌急剧下降(P<0.05),放线菌未检测到.土壤脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在高位池土壤中也显著下降(P<0.05).总之,微生物群落结构显著变化,微生物生物量和活性在高位池土壤中都显著下降,表明长期的高位池养虾导致了土壤质量的下降.     

Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica

Soil and sediment samples from James Ross Island were analyzed for their PCB, OCP and PAH contents. Soil concentrations ranged between 0.51 and 1.82 ng g(-1) for seven indicator PCB congeners, between 0.49 and 1.34 ng g(-1) for HCH congeners, between 0.51 and 3.68 ng g(-1) for the sum of p,p'-DDT, DDE, and DDD, and between 34.9 and 171 ng g(-1) for the sum of 16 EPA PAHs. Sediment levels from 0.32 to 0.83 ng g(-1) were found for PCBs, from 0.14 to 0.76 ng g(-1) for HCHs, from 0.19 to 1.15 ng g(-1) for DDTs, and from 1.4 to 205 ng g(-1) for PAHs. A prevalence of low-mass PAHs, less chlorinated PCBs, and more volatile chemicals indicates that the long-range atmospheric transport from populated areas of Africa, South America, and Australia is the most probable contamination source for the solid matrices in James Ross Island.     

Marsh surface sediment deposition and the role of tidal creeks: Implications for created and managed coastal marshes

The need to understand the processes contributing to marsh sedimentation has become more urgent with the recent recognition of the role of tidal marshes as sea defences, as well as the many restoration efforts currently under way. This study was designed to build upon previous sedimentation work at Scolt Head Island by Combining techniques for measuring short-term sedimentation, with detailed assessment of hydroperiod, previously used only in comparison with longer-term accretion measurements or in micro-tidal systems. Measurements of water level, sediment deposition (at various distances from the creek margin) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) (creek margin and an interior site) were made at Hut Marsh over three sequential over-marsh tides during May 1994. Sediment trap data show a significant trend of declining sediment deposition away from the creek when data from all three tides are combined. All tides show higher SSC on the flood tide than on the ebb tide at the creek margin location. There is little difference in flood and ebb SSCs at the interior site. An order of magnitude decrease in sediment deposition within 20 m on the creek shows the rapidity with which sediment is deposited on these marshes. Higher tides influence both the magnitude and pattern of marsh surface sediment deposition. Increased creek velocities on higher tides provide more potential for resuspension within the creek and increase the supply of sediment to the marsh surface. This study suggests that the design of tidal creeks may be essential for the development of sustainable coastal marshes in restoration projects.     

Water resources issues of small island developing states

The water resources of most small island developing states (SIDS) are often very limited and require special consideration to ensure that they are developed and managed in a sustainable manner. Many small islands, typically located in the humid tropics, have no surface water resources and rely on limited groundwater resources in the form of thin freshwater lenses. The exposed location of small islands makes them particularly vulnerable to natural disasters such as cyclones, floods and droughts. Pollution from population centres and from agricultural and other activities is an increasing problem. This article provides an overview of the water resources of small islands, and the main problems and issues related to water resources. Some suggested solutions, based on practical experiences, are offered for water resource assessment and monitoring programmes, and water resource development. Water resource policy, planning and management issues are also addressed, and suggested approaches for resolving some of the major water resource problems presented.