长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的浓度、组成及来源解析

选取上海市崇明岛为采样区域,研究1974—2010年5个年代的由长江泥沙冲刷淤积而成的长江口围填海土壤中PBDEs的质量比分布、组成特征,并对其进行来源解析。于2012年10月在选取的5个年代区域分别采用五点梅花网格布点法采集表层(0~15 cm)和深层(100 cm)土壤,样品经索氏提取和层析净化处理后,采用GC-MS定量定性方法检测。结果表明,12种PBDEs目标化合物全部被检出,表层和深层土壤中∑12PBDEs质量比范围分别为8.008~27.783 ng/g、7.032~12.506 ng/g,主要是低溴代PBDEs。此外,其污染水平随年代呈现不断上升的趋势。最后基于因子分析法解析其来源,围填海土壤样品中最主要的污染源是PBDE-17、47、66和28;而且结合土壤污染质量比及组分特征分析得到,表层土壤与下一年代的围填海深层土壤的污染水平和来源基本一致。     

韩国济州岛火山及其与中国五大连池、雷琼火山的对比

论述了韩国济州岛各类型火山与熔岩隧道的地质特征,与中国五大连池、雷琼火山进行对比,指出其各自具有的特色。简述了济州岛世界自然遗产、世界生物圈保护区与世界地质公园概况,并对世界地质公园研究、博物馆建设与室内外石文化解说进行了讨论。     

Effects of Population Size on Singing Behavior of a Rare Duetting Songbird

Although the genetic and ecological effects of population declines in endangered species have been well studied, little is known of the social consequences. Changes in signaling behavior may result in disrupted communication and affect both reproductive and conflict‐resolution activities. The North Island Kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is an endangered, duetting (i.e., alternating, coordinated singing by mated pairs) songbird endemic to New Zealand temperate rain forests. Scattered populations (approximately 1500 individuals in 13 surviving and 11 translocated populations) in isolated conservation areas of different sizes have been rescued from extirpation and are currently recovering. We examined key song attributes of the Kōkako to assess whether population size or growth rate are related to song complexity, the reduction of which may compromise effective communication. We analyzed song repertoire size and phrase‐type sharing (i.e., Jaccard index of similarity), vocal performance (singing rates, song switching rates, and diversity of phrase types), and song syntactical characteristics (i.e., unpredictability in sequences of phrase types) in surviving and translocated populations (populations of approximately 19–250 territorial individuals). Population size was positively correlated with a population's song repertoire, song diversity, and switching of song phrase types and negatively correlated with shared phrase types and variation in syntactical structure of songs. Population growth rate correlated positively with pair repertoire size, population repertoire size, and singing rates during song bouts. As for solo‐singing species in fragmented landscapes, songs in the fragmented populations of Kōkako appear to be undergoing microevolution as occurs in island colonization events. Our results suggest that vocal changes in small populations could affect population establishment and growth, particularly in multiple‐source translocations. We believe measurement of vocal behavior could be used as a supplement to periodic population censuses to allow more frequent monitoring of population size. Efectos de la Conducta de Canto sobre el Tamaño Poblacional de una Ave Canora Rara     

海南岛生态环境质量分析评价

运用遥感和地理信息系统等技术 ,按照景观生态学的原理 ,对海南生态环境现状进行了评价 ,并对近十年来的变化进行了对比分析。结果表明 ,海南生态环境质量由中部向外依次降低 ,天然林从数量上看面积在减少 ,从空间上看沿着边缘线向中部山区退缩。另外 ,土地沙化 /土地退化在向着恢复逆转的方向发展。     

Web-based surveys as an alternative to traditional mail methods

Environmental economists have long used surveys to gather information about people's preferences. A recent innovation in survey methodology has been the advent of web-based surveys. While the Internet appears to offer a promising alternative to conventional survey administration modes, concerns exist over potential sampling biases associated with web-based surveys and the effect these may have on valuation estimates. This paper compares results obtained from a travel cost questionnaire of visitors to Fraser Island, Australia, that was conducted using two alternate survey administration modes; conventional mail and web-based. It is found that response rates and the socio-demographic make-up of respondents to the two survey modes are not statistically different. Moreover, both modes yield similar consumer surplus estimates.     

Abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-D seismic survey, Northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia

A geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. The area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the Piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). This study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologies. These data were analyzed in relation to temporal, environmental, and seismic related variables to evaluate potential disturbance reactions of gray whales to the seismic survey. The relative numbers of whales and pods recorded from five shore-based stations were not significantly different during periods when seismic surveys were occurring compared to periods when no seismic surveys were occurring and to the post-seismic period. Univariate analyses indicated no significant statistical correlation between seismic survey variables and any of the eleven movement and behavior variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for temporal and environmental variables, 6 of 11 movement and behavior variables (linearity, acceleration, mean direction, blows per surfacing, and surface-dive blow rate) were not significantly associated with seismic survey variables, and 5 of 11 variables (leg speed, reorientation rate, distance-from-shore, blow interval, and dive time) were significantly associated with seismic survey variables. In summary, after accounting for environmental variables, no correlation was found between seismic survey variables and the linearity of whale movements, changes in whale swimming speed between theodolite fixes, mean direction of whale movement, mean number of whale exhalations per minute at the surface, mean time at the surface, and mean number of exhalations per minute during a whales surface-to-dive cycle. In contrast, at higher received sound energy exposure levels, whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded further from shore, and stayed under water longer between respirations.     

近60年来崇明岛东部淤涨速率初探

崇明岛作为我国最大的河口冲积岛,其形成发育与长江来水来沙息息相关。历史上就有崇明岛围垦筑堤的记载,近60年来崇明岛东部地区所筑大堤主要有54大堤、64大堤、68大堤、92大堤和98大堤。选取正东、东北、东南不同方向的4个断面,以大堤位置代表所筑年份海岸线位置,对崇明岛东部淤涨速率及滩地淤涨面积变化进行计算,结果表明:(1)近60年来崇明岛东部整体淤涨速率约为200 m/a,淤涨面积年均增长率为2.80 km~2/a;(2)不同断面上淤涨速率存在差别,其中正东方向断面上淤涨最快;(3)不同时段崇明岛东部各断面淤涨速率存在快慢变化。各断面上,20世纪90年代的淤涨速率均最大。对比发现,20世纪50~80年代崇明岛东部淤涨速率的变化趋势,与同期长江年入海泥沙量的变化趋势基本一致;但20世纪90年代,由于围垦强度加大,两者变化趋势不一致。以海堤研究岸线变迁的工作尚不多见,此方法将为研究长时间尺度的岸线变迁提供借鉴。     

垦殖后洲滩湿地生态恢复的景观设计途径——以长江新济洲滩为例

长江南京段新济洲滩是一处由心滩不断扩大形成的洲滩湿地,由于人类长期垦殖、修筑垸堤等活动,导致洲滩湿地的景观格局和过程发生根本性改变,湿地生态系统服务退化。从景观生态学的角度出发,参照Steinitz景观设计六步骤模式,构建了描述、过程、评价、改变、评估和决策模型,探讨洲滩湿地的生态恢复途径,指出拆除垸堤、去除人类过分干扰是新济洲滩生态恢复的关键,恢复自然洪水过程、让自然做功、恢复季节性湿地及生境是其基本途径。模拟维持现状、拆除圩堤、拆除防洪堤3种预景,分析不同预景洲滩湿地面积、生物栖息地面积变化,结果表明拆除防洪堤将使洲滩季节性、洪水泛滥湿地面积所占比重分别将由5%、4%增加到56%、24%,长江鱼类、龟鳄类、涉禽类栖息地面积所占比重由7%、11%、5%分别增加到21%、75%、56%。湿地是重要的景观生态系统,利用Steinitz六步骤模式进行生态恢复途径的探讨,对其他湿地生态恢复的规划和设计也有重要的借鉴意义     

海南岛甘什岭低地次生雨林土壤有机碳及影响因素

热带雨林是世界上最复杂的森林生态系统,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用.热带低地次生雨林是受人类干扰较为严重的雨林类型,而关于其土壤有机碳库的研究甚少.以海南岛甘什岭热带低地次生雨林为研究对象,通过野外调查采样与室内分析相结合等方法,研究了经人为采伐干扰后自然更新恢复形成的3种林分类型(Ⅰ为较大采伐强度下恢复的灌丛与低矮乔...     

丽水市大气环境中的城市干、湿岛效应初探

利用丽水城区中心及其近郊2个站点的逐时水汽压资料,定义了干(湿)岛强度指数及干(湿)岛强度等级,并发现了丽水小城区干(湿)岛变化强度、频次及时空分布规律,研究发现城区中心的干岛现象与热岛现象之间存在着正相关.湿岛的形成与露、雾、结冰、霜、雨等天气现象有关.