涠洲岛珊瑚礁分布特征与环境保护的初步研究

根据历年来对涠洲岛珊瑚礁所观测的资料,初步研究了该岛珊瑚的种群结构及其分布特征,以及珊瑚礁的形成及发育过程,并提出了涠洲岛珊瑚的保护措施.      

An Assessment of the Ecological Condition of Long Island Sound, 1990–1993

Data from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) from 1990 to 1993 were used to assess the condition of the Long Island Sound (LIS) estuary. Ambient water, sediment and biota were collected during the summer months from 53 LIS stations using an unbiased sampling design. The design consists of two LIS subunits, LIS proper, and small estuaries (<2.6 km2) at the margins of the Sound. Selected indicators of condition included: benthic species composition, abundance and biomass; fish species composition and gross external pathology; sediment physical and chemical characterization and sediment toxicity; and water clarity and quality. Results of the four-year sampling indicated that 28(±11)% of the areal extent of LIS proper had a benthic index < zero (impacted) and 51(±12)% of the area of small estuaries was impacted. Analysis of the results of other indicators also shows that small estuaries were particularly affected. For example, 42(±10)% of the areal extent of small estuaries exhibited sediment toxicity, and significant chemical contamination was evident in 22% of the area of small estuaries. Low dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations (<5 ppm), however, appeared to affect only the deeper open waters of western LIS. Approximately 48(±12)% of the areal extent of LIS proper documented exposure to at least moderate D.O. stress (<5 ppm). The overall results of this monitoring study indicate that significant anthropogenic impacts have occurred in LIS and that if remediation was to take place, specific localized sediment problems would need attention. Point source and non-point source nutrient inputs to the Sound, which are believed to be the primary causative factor for the observed hypoxic conditions, would also need attention.     

地形因子对海南岛台风降水分布影响的估算

台风登陆过程中,地形对台风降水有明显的作用,及时了解台风过程中降水的空间分布信息对灾害预测预警有着重要的意义。基于最小二乘的多元线性回归方法,利用1953-2005年间登陆海南岛的台风(不包括其他热带气旋)的降水资料,建立了台风过程中年平均降水量与地形因子(地形高程、坡度、坡向)的关系模型,估算了海南岛台风过程中降水量的分布,分析了地形对其的影响,为后期台风灾害过程中降水的地形影响分析提供参考。     

Relationships among multiple trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia ecosystems on Hainan Island, South China

Forty-six trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant–soil systems at nine sampling sites on Hainan Island were analyzed using ICP-MS. The relationships among the trace elements of the same group or the same periodicity of the Periodic Table in the plants and soils were complex and no consistent patterns were found. More combinations of elements occurred with high positive correlation coefficients within the same periodicity than within the same group of the Periodic Table, and there were more high positive correlations in soils than in plants. However, there were many element combinations in Block d (transition elements) with high positive correlation coefficients in plants. Markedly high positive correlation coefficients between individual rare earth elements and Y and among Zr, Nb, Cd existed in both plants and soils. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analysis show that rare earth elements had very similar occurrence and distribution in both soils and plants. Thus, they behaved as a coherent group of elements both geochemically and biogeochemically. The transition elements were more coherent in plants than in soils.     

Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g⁻¹ dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight⁻¹ d⁻¹, in which children are exposed more than adults.     

论海岛旅游开发中的环境保护--以威海刘公岛为例

岛屿是一种特殊的旅游资源，具有很大的发展潜力，但因发展旅游而引起的环境问题也日益受到人们的关注。本文以国家级旅游风景区刘公岛为例，分析了海岛的旅游资源，并对如何加强海岛的环境保护进行了详细的论述。     

北部湾涠洲岛原油污染物的海水环境质量基准研究

选择9种我国本土海洋生物对北部湾涠洲岛原油污染物的急性生物毒性进行测试,并基于测试获得的毒性数据,利用美国水生生物基准推算方法,对该原油污染物的海水环境基准阈值进行推导,结果表明:原油样品对卤虫、褶皱臂尾轮虫、太平洋纺锤水蚤、中国对虾、三疣梭子蟹、彩虹明樱蛤、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎、青岛大扁藻的LC50(或EC50)分别为10.28, 2.37, 4.88, 0.31, 0.81, 65.88, 19.02, 9.10, 0.23mg/L;涠洲岛原油污染物的急性和慢性海水质量基准阈值分别为0.06,0.012mg/L.研究结果可为我国海上溢油事故损害评估提供科学依据.     

基于GIS的海岛生态脆弱性评价研究与实践——以海坛岛为例

基于生态敏感度、生态弹性度和生态压力度,构建了海岛生态脆弱性评价的指标体系,采用综合指数法和GIS相结合的方法对海坛岛的生态脆弱性进行了定量评价,并绘制了生态脆弱性等级分布图,分析了生态脆弱度的空间差异和不同区域生态脆弱性的主导成因.评价结果与该区域的生态环境状况较为一致,对于海坛岛的生态保护和资源利用具有一定的指导意...     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

被动式采样器在大区域大气VOC监测中的应用

应用VOC被动式采样器监测了地中海东部塞浦路斯岛大气中挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOC)的浓度。通过岛上设置的80个VOC采样点对苯,甲苯,对、邻、间二甲苯(Benzene、Toluene、o-xylene、m,p-xylene,BTX)数次采样及分析结果表明,其被动采样器中BTX回收率>95%,BTX平行实验的相对标准偏差<6.28%,采样和分析方法准确。得到的污染物分布图较准确地反映了塞浦路斯岛实际污染情况。