浐河流域水-土-植物硝酸盐和氮同位素组成及氮源示踪

本文对关中浐河流域河水-土壤-植物的硝酸盐和氮同位素组成进行调查,并与前期对浐河河水氮同位素的结果对比。研究表明：从浐河上游至下游,土壤NO₃^?-N含量表现出：农耕区（43.5 mg???kg^?1）>森林区（3.25 mg???kg^?1）>城市区（0.63 mg???kg^?1）;土壤δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值表现出：农耕区（18.1‰）>城市区（?1.5‰）>森林区（?5.8‰）;不同的土地利用类型是让其产生变化的重要原因。浐河河水NO₃^?-N含量（3.2?—?6.4 mg???kg^?1）及δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值（?1.4‰?—?2.1‰）均表现出下游高于上游。相对于前期对浐河河水氮同位素的研究,发现上游和中游水体NO₃^?-N含量整体呈上升趋势,而下游地区NO₃^?-N含量有所下降。结合河流δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?的空间分布特征可以看出源头日渐发达的旅游业和中游农业的发展对水体的污染加重,而下游工业污染的治理效果明显。植物氮同位素变化范围在?4.6‰?—??2.1‰。对浐河周边水-土-植物的氮同位素组成特征和变化研究可以为浐河流域的生态评价和治理提供一定的理论依据。     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

"两级质控、第三方运营"水质自动站管理模式初探

以江苏省太湖流域水质自动站管理模式为例,从运维管理、质控管理等角度介绍了“两级质控、第三方运营”水站管理模式的基本结构、概念和优势.     

含溴水源水臭氧处理时溴酸盐的产生与控制

针对南方某含溴水库水(溴离子浓度15～38μg·L-1),利用连续运行实验装置研究了臭氧氧化时溴酸盐的产生条件,同时初步考察了后续生物活性炭(BAC)对溴酸盐的去除效果.研究结果表明,单独采用预臭氧方式时,在臭氧消耗量控制为2.0mg·L-1以内的条件下,溴酸离子浓度低于6 μg·L-1;而采用预臭氧与后臭氧联合处理时,在总臭氧消耗量为2.0mg·L-1的条件下,出现了溴酸离子超标(10μg·L-1)情况.长期运行结果表明,尽管新炭对溴酸离子没有去除效果,但系统连续运行3个月后,BAC上的微生物对溴酸盐具有一定的去除能力.     

生物电耦合对活性炭-超滤工艺处理地表微污染水的影响机理研究

利用生物电化学系统处理地表水时，弱电压不但会刺激电活性菌的呼吸作用，而且会引起氧化胁迫导致胞外聚合物（Extracellular Polymeric Substance，EPS）过量分泌.为确认在地表水处理中弱电压对膜污染和净水效率的影响，本研究设置了外加1.0 V直流电压（记为"BES系统"）和无外加电压（记为"CK系统"）的两组平行对照生物活性炭-超滤系统.经过50 d的运行，BES系统（36.1 kPa）相比CK系统（19.1 kPa）跨膜压差（Trans Membrane Pressure，TMP）增加更为显著，膜污染更严重.电路电流、电极电势和循环伏安（Cyclic Voltammetry，CV）曲线显示，随着装置运行，两系统生物膜逐渐稳定，并且产生具有氧化还原活性的EPS导致阳极电容增加.相比之下，BES系统产生了更多EPS，具有更高的阳极电容.水质指标显示，BES系统中比紫外吸光度（Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance，SUVA）、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P的去除增强但总有机碳（Total Organic Carbon，TOC）去除减弱；三维荧光光谱（Excitation-Emission-Matrix，EEM）和尺寸排阻色谱（Size Exclusion Chromatography，SEC）分析结果表明，BES系统膜池中产生了更多的生物聚合物，但腐殖质类有机物明显减少.活性炭表面EPS含量和腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸（Adenosine Triphosphate，ATP）含量的测试结果证实，弱电压刺激了生物膜的生长，同时增加了氧化还原活性EPS的含量.对膜表面累积多糖、蛋白质含量的测试分析进一步揭示了多糖类大分子生物聚合物在膜表面的累积是导致严重膜污染的直接原因.研究可为生物电化学系统在微污染水处理的研究和应用提供新的见解.     

泰山云雾水中多环芳烃的特征与来源分析

于2008年10月18日~11月26日在泰山采集云雾水样品,分析了泰山云雾水中PAHs的含量特征及其与气象条件和pH值、电导的相互关系.结果表明,泰山云雾水中菲含量最多,芴和苊的含量次之;云雾水样品中PAHs浓度与气温有很好的相关性.应用特征分子比值法和因子分析法对云雾水中PAHs的来源进行解析,得出泰山云雾水中PAHs的主要来源为煤炭燃烧源,石油源的贡献相对较小.     

Experimental study on the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct

In this study, in order to research the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct, a semi-confined transparent chamber was designed with the size of 120 × 120 × 840 mm, and the experiments were carried out with stoichiometric methane/air premixed mixture (fraction of methane: 9.5%), adding different fractions of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist. The experimental results showed the following: The combination of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist had a synergistic inhibiting effect on methane/air explosion, which was preferable to the single use of any kind. With the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen, the initial shape of the explosion flame became snakelike, and at the same time the peak flame propagation speed and peak overpressure decreased significantly. When the nitrogen fraction was increased to 10% and the mist spraying time was increased to 2min, synergistic inhibiting effect on overpressure was high efficient. However, with the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen going on, the amount of increase of explosion inhibition efficiency was gradually reduced.     

Arts as a vehicle for community building and post‐disaster development

Use of the arts in international aid is common in an ad hoc form, but it has not been systematically theorised or evaluated. The arts have the potential to be a culturally contextualised and sustainable intervention for adults and children in the aftermath of war or disaster. On the micro level, the arts are a method to enable the retrieval and reprocessing of traumatic memories that are often encoded in images rather than in words. On a macro level, they can help to reconstruct a group narrative of a disaster as well as mobilise people back into control of their lives. This paper researches a long‐term project using arts in Sri Lanka following the civil war and tsunami. A central finding is the need to understand arts within their cultural context, and their usefulness in strengthening the voices and problem‐solving capacities of the victims of the disaster.     

The role of digital data entry in participatory environmental monitoring

Many argue that monitoring conducted exclusively by scientists is insufficient to address ongoing environmental challenges. One solution entails the use of mobile digital devices in participatory monitoring (PM) programs. But how digital data entry affects programs with varying levels of stakeholder participation, from nonscientists collecting field data to nonscientists administering every step of a monitoring program, remains unclear. We reviewed the successes, in terms of management interventions and sustainability, of 107 monitoring programs described in the literature (hereafter programs) and compared these with case studies from our PM experiences in Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greenland, and Vietnam (hereafter cases). Our literature review showed that participatory programs were less likely to use digital devices, and 2 of our 3 more participatory cases were also slow to adopt digital data entry. Programs that were participatory and used digital devices were more likely to report management actions, which was consistent with cases in Ethiopia, Greenland, and Australia. Programs engaging volunteers were more frequently reported as ongoing, but those involving digital data entry were less often sustained when data collectors were volunteers. For the Vietnamese and Canadian cases, sustainability was undermined by a mismatch in stakeholder objectives. In the Ghanaian case, complex field protocols diminished monitoring sustainability. Innovative technologies attract interest, but the foundation of effective participatory adaptive monitoring depends more on collaboratively defined questions, objectives, conceptual models, and monitoring approaches. When this foundation is built through effective partnerships, digital data entry can enable the collection of more data of higher quality. Without this foundation, or when implemented ineffectively or unnecessarily, digital data entry can be an additional expense that distracts from core monitoring objectives and undermines project sustainability. The appropriate role of digital data entry in PM likely depends more on the context in which it is used and less on the technology itself.     

宜昌市沮漳河流域当阳段水环境现状调查与评价

对宜昌市沮漳河流域当阳段的水环境进行了调查和评价。通过区域自然环境、社会经济发展、水体功能区、水环境容量等分析以及多个断面数据的监测,表明沮漳河流域当阳段水环境质量不能满足Ⅲ类水体功能区要求,主要超标因子为高锰酸盐指数、NHrN、BOD5、TP、石油类,主要受沿岸工业废水、生活污水及农业面源污染所致。