Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

粉煤灰活化技术在诺砂制品中的应用研究

对激发粉煤灰活性的方法(物理活化和化学活化)进行了探讨,提出了一种能够大幅度提高粉煤灰活性的有效方法——细磨和化学激发复合方法。用此法活化粉煤灰制得的诺砂制品,其早期强度显著提高。同时对其活化机理进行了分析。     

磷酸活化活性炭对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

寻求廉价而高效的吸附材料为目的,研究向日葵秸杆基活性炭对铜离子的吸附性能。以向日葵秸秆为原料,经H3PO4活化制备活性炭,通过静态实验研究了其对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附温度和离子强度对吸附的影响,探讨了吸附热力学、动力学和吸附机理。结果表明:溶液pH值为5～6时活性炭对Cu2+的去除效果最好;向50 mL 170 mg·L-1的溶液中加入0.5 g活性炭,温度为45℃、吸附时间为1 h时,对Cu2+的去除率可达98.3%;Langmuir方程能更好地描述Cu2+在活性炭上的等温吸附特征,静态吸附容量可达41.03 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合拟二级动力学过程,且为吸热的化学吸附过程,膜扩散为速率控制步骤,离子交换可能在吸附过程中起了重要作用。     

活化温度对竹柳基活性炭性能及其制备过程中副产物组成的影响

以一种常见的环境修复材料竹柳为原料来制备竹柳基活性炭(WAC),考察了不同活化温度(400、450、500、550、600℃和650℃)对WAC性质及其除污染性能的影响,同时评估了制备过程中气态和液态副产物的生成规律与利用潜能.结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,WAC产率下降,热解油产率上升,而热解气产率相对稳定.六组WAC均具有较高的比表面积(BET),最高可达1526 m2·g-1,但BET值随活化温度的升高呈下降趋势;WAC的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值最高可达1122.25 mg·g-1和415.50 mg·g-1,对重金属Pb2+和硝基苯的最大吸附量分别为9.20mg·g-1和4.21 mmol·g-1.WAC制备过程中热解气主要组分为H2、CH4、CO和CO2,随活化温度升高,H2和CH4含量上升,CO2含量下降,热解气的总燃烧热值升高.热解油的组分较为复杂,杂环类、烷烃类、烯烃类和有机酸类有机物含量较高,且随活化温度变化明显,在活化温度为650℃时,热解油的燃烧热最大.     

Adsorption of Mn2+ from aqueous solution using Fe and Mn oxide-coated sand

The adsorption of Mn²⁺ onto immobilized Mn-oxide and Fe-oxide adsorbent such as manganese oxide-coated sand1 (MOCS1), manganese oxide-coated sand2 (MOCS2), iron oxide-coated sand2 (IOCS2), and manganese and iron oxide-coated sand (MIOCS) was investigated. The effects of pH (5.5 to 8.0) and temperature (25 to 45℃) on the equilibrium capacity were examined. Equilibrium studies showed that there is a good fit with both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm, which indicates surface heterogeneity and monolayer adsorption of the adsorbents. Kinetic data showed high correlation with the pseudo second-order model, which signifies a chemisorption-controlled mechanism. The activation energies, activation parameters (ΔG^*, ΔH^*, ΔS^*), and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰) confirmed that adsorption with MIOCS was endothermic and more spontaneous at higher temperature while an opposite trend was observed for the other adsorbents. Thermodynamic studies showed that adsorption involved formation of activated complex, where MOCS1 and MIOCS follow a physical-chemical mechanism, while MOCS2 and IOCS2 follows purely chemical mechanism.     

热活化过硫酸盐降解水体和土壤中氰化物的效能和机制

近年来,氰化物引发的环境问题日益受到关注,但相关研究较少.本文利用热活化过硫酸盐技术对水体和土壤中的氰化物的降解过程和机制进行了研究,以期为氰化物的去除提供依据.首先采用批式实验,探究了温度、过硫酸盐添加量和初始pH对水溶液中氰化物降解效果的影响,然后在水溶液氰化物降解实验基础上,采用模配土壤进行了土壤氰化物降解实验.水溶液氰化物降解实验的研究结果表明,过硫酸盐 添加量和温度对于氰化物的降解具有显著影响.当温度从25 ℃升高到70 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从11.06%和17.66%升高到98.12%和97.94%.过硫酸盐添加量从0.5 g?L^-1提高至3 g?L^-1时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解率分别从38.27%和35.82%升高到99.05%和99.66%.当 体系的初始pH值为4.5~9.0时,初始pH对于氰化物的降解影响并不明显,但当pH为强碱性时（如pH=12）,氰化物的降解效果受到显著抑制.土壤氰化物降解实验的结果表明,当活化温度为60 ℃时,铁氰和亚铁氰的降解效率均随过硫酸盐增加而升高,最高降解率分别达46.88%和56.04%.与水溶液中氰化物的降解情况进行对比,发现土壤中氰化物的降解效率远低于水溶液体系.通过探究4种共存阴离子（包括Cl^-、CO₃^2-、H₂PO₄^-、腐殖酸）对氰化物降解过程的影响,发现腐殖酸对氰化物的降解呈现显著的抑制作用,且浓度越高抑制作用越明显,这可能是影响 土壤系统中氰化物降解效率重要原因.本研究通过自由基淬灭实验及氰化物降解产物分析试验证实热激发过硫酸盐产生的SO₄^.-和HO^.对氰化物降解起重要作用,将各种金属-氰络合物最终降解为NO₃^-和CO₂等终产物.     

零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解污水中萘普生的研究

为了提高零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸盐(PS)的ZVI/PS体系对有机污染物萘普生(NAP)处理的技术水平,即实现对污水中NAP的有效降解.采用对比试验,通过设置不同投加量的PS与ZVI的方式,观察在不同酸碱度条件下NAP的降解量.研究结果表明,酸性条件下,当PS投加量为0.5mM或ZVI投加量为1.50mM时,NAP的...     

Determining distribution of heavy metal pollution in terms of ecological risk levels in soil of industrially intensive areas around Istanbul

The aims of the present study were to measure the concentrations of As, Cr, Co, Fe, and Zn in soils from two heavily industrialized areas and to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution by using the indices enrichment factor and the geo-accumulation index, as well as assessing the potential ecological risk. The concentrations of the selected elements in the environmental samples were determined by the neutron activation analysis. The pollutant concentrations in the studied areas showed that the soils were characterized by a high pollution from As and Cr due to the industrial facilities in the area. The concentrations in the Tuzla industrial area were 79–1215 mg/kg of Cr, 17–84 mg/kg of As, 22,000–54,000 mg/kg of Fe, 101–258 mg/kg of Zn, and 8–23 mg/kg of Co. The results for the Cerkezkoy industrial area were found to be 46–196 mg/kg of Cr, 6–24 mg/kg of As, 17,000–25,000 mg/kg of Fe, 67–136 mg/kg of Zn, and 7–10 mg/kg of Co. The contamination in the soils from heavy metals was assessed based on enrichment factor, geo-accumulation factors, and ecological risk indices. The results were compared with the data from other industrial areas in Turkey. It was found that the metals As and Cr showed higher concentrations in Tuzla than in other examined industrial areas. The results for Cerkezkoy industrial area indicate that the area is not as contaminated as the other industrial areas in Turkey.     

The two faces of high self‐monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self‐monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors

This study examines whether and how self‐monitoring moderates the relationships between two personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) and counterproductive work behavior directed toward the organization (CWB‐O) and toward other employees (CWB‐I). High self‐monitors strive to attain personal goals related to status and prestige enhancement by adjusting their behavior to what the situation requires or allows for. We propose that the status enhancement motive can take on two different yet related forms—impression management (interpersonal potency) and opportunism (win‐at‐all‐costs)—depending on relevant situational cues. We hypothesize that in public, interpersonal settings where their behavior is visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by looking good to others suppresses the natural expression of low agreeableness via increased engagement in CWB‐I. Conversely, we hypothesize that in private, non‐interpersonal settings where their behavior is rarely visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by doing whatever it takes to get what they want intensifies the natural expression of low conscientiousness via increased engagement in CWB‐O. On the basis of two independent samples of participants, results of moderated multiple regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

溶磷细菌筛选及在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用

为研究溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上对难溶态磷的活化作用,通过PVK平板法从石灰性土壤中分离筛选出7株溶磷细菌,7株菌株的溶磷能力在296.5～563.5 mg/L之间,菌株的溶磷能力与溶磷圈直径（D）与菌落直径（d）的比值呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;16sRNA序列分析表明,W1、W6属于Enterobacter sp.,W2、W4属于Burkholderia sp.,W3、W5属于Rahnella sp.,W7属于Fluorescent pseudomonas。选择W3、W4、W7作为试验菌株,以磷酸三钙、磷矿粉为难溶态磷源,研究单菌株及组合菌株在配施难溶态磷酸盐条件下对复垦土壤有效磷、各形态无机磷含量及油菜产量的影响。结果表明,同一底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量显著高于基质处理（p<0.05）,组合菌株处理优于单菌株处理,W3+W4+W7处理两项指标都最高;在溶磷细菌+磷酸三钙底物下,W3+W4+W7处理复垦土壤有效磷含量和油菜产量分别比单施溶磷细菌、溶磷细菌+磷矿粉两个底物下同一处理显著增加94.81%、40.25%和34.13%、9.43%;相同底物下溶磷细菌各处理复垦土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P含量都高于基质处理,Ca₁₀-P含量小于基质处理,O-P含量与基质处理差异不显著。这一结果可为溶磷细菌在复垦土壤上应用技术的研发提供理论基础。