高效氨氧化菌群富集、驯化及其动态变化规律分析

利用选择性培养基对氨氧化菌群进行了连续驯化,得到了氨氮去除效率稳定的氨氧化菌群。采用平板菌落计数法结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术考察了氨氧化菌群在连续传代过程中数量及群落结构的动态变化,并考察了pH值、碳源(HCO3-)浓度和氨氮浓度等因素对氨氧化菌群去除氨氮效率的影响。结果表明,通过连续驯化,氨氧化菌的比例由最初的1.8%提高到了31.3%。在碳源浓度为1.5 mg/L,NH4+-N初始浓度为200 mg/L,pH值为8的条件下,菌群对氨氮的去除率达99%以上。     

晚期垃圾渗滤液的部分亚硝化

利用实验室小试SBR在(33±1)℃的条件下,通过动态调控溶氧浓度(DO)(2～7 mg/L)和水力停留时间(2～5 d),经过130 d的运行成功启动了晚期垃圾渗滤液(NH4+-N含量1 227～2 133 mg/L)的部分亚硝化,使出水NO2--N∶NH4+-N稳定维持在1∶1左右,为后续的厌氧氨氧化工艺创造了进水条件。利用实时荧光定量PCR研究启动过程中的特异微生物氨氧化细菌的含量变化表明,氨氧化细菌的含量与NO2--N的生成速率和出水NO2--N稳定性有着显著相关性。     

Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

This study investigates faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), of sediment profiles from different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. MARs consist to expose culturable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to mixed five antibiotics including Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin. Culture-independent is performed to assess the distribution of ARGs responsible for, β-lactams (blaTEM; Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), Streptomycin/Spectinomycin (aadA), Tetracycline (tet) Chloramphenicol (cmlA) and Vancomycin (van). Bacterial cultures reveal that in the sediments deposited following eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentage of MARs to five antibiotics varied from 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of total culturable EC and ENT, respectively. In these organic-rich bacteria-contaminated sediments, the blaTEM resistant of FIB varied from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37% for EC and ENT respectively, whereas the positive PCR assays responsible for tested ARGs were observed for EC, ENT, and total DNA from all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified for all the sediment samples, including those not influenced by WWTP effluent water. Our results demonstrate that bacteria MARs and ARGs highly increased in the sediments contaminated with WWTP effluent following the cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva. Hence, the human-induced changing limnological conditions highly enhanced the sediment microbial activity, and therein the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment used to supply drinking water in a highly populated area. Furthermore, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all the studied samples points out a regional dissemination of this emerging contaminant in freshwater sediments since at least the late nineteenth century.     

Biotic transformation of anticoccidials in soil using a lab-scale bio-reactor as a precursor-tool

Two anticoccidial agents, salinomycin and robenidine, heavily used in the worldwide veterinary meat production, were investigated for their potential biotic degradation by cultured soil bacteria. The degradation-study was performed in lab-scale bio-reactors under aerobic and anaerobic conditions incubated for 200 h with a mixed culture of soil bacteria. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and potential transformation products were tentatively identified. Salinomycin was degraded under aerobic conditions and traces could be found after 200 h, however, seems more persistent under anaerobic conditions. Four transformation products of salinomycin were discovered. Robenidine was degraded under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, however, traces of robenidine were observed after 200 h. Five biotic transformation products of robenidine were discovered.     

"十一五"脱硫计划实施前后长三角地区的硫沉降变化

采用RAINS ASIA模型研究了"十一五"期间长三角地区实施脱硫措施前后硫沉降超临界负荷的变化.结果表明,在90%保证率下,长三角地区硫沉降的临界负荷(以S计,下同)总值为78.38万t/a;2005年该地区硫沉降的超临界负荷总值为27.98万t/a,有45.6%区域面积的硫沉降超过临界负荷;如果不实施脱硫措施,到2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷的情景将急剧恶化,硫沉降超临界负荷总值将增长18.4%,超临界负荷的区域面积将增加到48.7%;"十一五"脱硫计划如期实施后,2010年长三角地区硫沉降超临界负荷总值将在2005年的基础上下降27.4%,但仍有39.1%的区域面积超过临界负荷,须采取更严格的措施控制硫沉降量.     

结合态磷化氢在厌氧微生物产酸过程中的释放行为

通过动态实验分别研究了在产甲烷和酸化阶段厌氧污泥中结合态磷化氢的变化,并采用静态厌氧实验进一步阐明在酸化阶段有机酸的积累对磷化氢的影响及消失速率.结果表明,产甲烷阶段,厌氧颗粒污泥磷化氢浓度随高度升高呈下降趋势;酸化阶段,当pH达到4～5时会导致厌氧反应器颗粒污泥中结合态磷化氢消失.静态模拟实验研究表明,随着酸化程度的增加,厌氧污泥中结合态磷化氢消失速率加快.厌氧污泥在葡萄糖浓度2000mg·L^-1培养2d后,结合态磷化氢浓度从最初的1.76ng·kg^-1降低到0.09ng·kg^-1,磷化氢消失速率最高达到0.84ng·(kg·d)^-1;而葡萄糖浓度400mg·L^-1培养2d后,结合态磷化氢消失速率仅为0.27ng·(kg·d)^-1;随着进一步培养,当磷化氢浓度降低到一定程度后,消失速率也相应下降.     

营养盐对湄洲湾海洋细菌生长及降解石油烃的影响

测定从湄洲湾海域分离的烃细菌在添加和不添加N、P营养盐的海水培养基的生物量及对原油和纯烃的降解作用.结果表明,营养盐对不同菌株的生长及代谢有不同的影响.添加N、P营养盐,试验菌PF-6（Pseudomonas fluorescens 6）的生物量增大,而PA-32（P.aeruginosa 32） 的生物量却减少.在初始原油浓度均为1g/L的摇瓶试验中,添加N、P营养盐培养6d,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为25%及26%,而不添加N、P营养盐时,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为21.4%及36.3%.经气相色谱测定,在以正十六烷和萘两种纯烃组成的培养基,营养盐对两个菌株降解正十六烷的影响仍然不同,但在不添加N、P营养盐时,两个菌株对萘均有较高的降解率.无需添加N、P营养盐能正常生长并降解石油烃的菌株,在海洋油污的生物修复中具有应用前景.     

反硝化菌对烟气汞吸附特性研究

采用反硝化菌对烟气中Hg~0、Hg~(2+)的吸附特性进行研究,反硝化菌对Hg~0和Hg~(2+)吸附性能良好,在pH为8、初始Hg~0(Hg~(2+))浓度为95.7μg·m-3(0.4μg·L-1)和吸附剂用量为0.35 g·L-1时,Hg~0和Hg~(2+)的吸附效率分别达到43.01%和98.12%.反硝化菌吸附Hg~0的过程遵循拟一级动力学,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大吸附容量为126.1μg·g-1.反硝化菌吸附Hg~(2+)遵循拟二级动力学模型,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大吸附容量为36.23μg·g-1.采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和热场发射环境扫描电镜-能谱电子背散射衍射系统(EDS)表征吸附前后的反硝化菌,结果表明吸附过程中细菌表面的糖环、磷酸及脂肪化合物基团发挥了吸附汞作用.     

两株重金属抗性细菌对铅镉吸附特性的比较研究

针对目前重金属水污染现状,为探究微生物法修复重金属水污染机制,本试验以抗重金属革兰氏阴性菌Rhizobium sp.W33与革兰氏阳性菌Bacillus sp.H3为供试菌株,对不同重金属(Pb、Cd)浓度及pH条件下的菌株生长状况进行测定;比较不同状态细胞(Growing、Grown、Dead)的吸附能力;利用FTIR初步分析吸附相关官能团.结果表明:两株菌对Pb抗性较强,对Cd抗性相对较弱,最适生长pH均在6~7范围内;不同状态细胞的吸附能力大小为:GrownDeadGrowing;随着重金属浓度的升高,Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3的吸附容量逐渐增大,且对铅镉的吸附主要以胞外吸附为主,对铅有一定的胞内积累能力;FTIR分析显示菌株吸附过程中主要是—OH、—NH、—CO、—CH2官能团在生物吸附过程中发挥作用.Rhizobium sp.W33与Bacillus sp.H3表面官能团特性及整体吸附能力存在明显差异.     

硫酸盐还原菌对EH40焊接钢海水腐蚀的影响

目的研究无菌和SRB体系中EH40钢焊接接头的母材区、热影响区和焊缝区腐蚀差异。方法利用金相显微镜观察、失重法、电化学测试、扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱仪等分析手段。结果焊缝区微观组织由块状铁素体(BLF)和魏氏组织(W)组成;热影响区可再分为粗晶区(CGHAZ)和细晶区(FGHAZ)两个区;母材区主要由BLF、AF和少量珠光体组成。在无菌对照体系中,焊缝区腐蚀速率为0.0026 mm/a,混合区次之,为0.0023 mm/a,母材区最小,为0.0019 mm/a。含SRB体系中,各区的腐蚀速率为:焊缝区(0.0037 mm/a)混合区(0.0034 mm/a)母材区(0.0030 mm/a)。热影响区腐蚀产物形貌粗大,点蚀孔也较大。结论焊缝区比母材区容易腐蚀,由此易造成小阳极大阴极加速腐蚀,热影响区容易发生点蚀。SRB能促进三个区域试样腐蚀加速。