液化烃罐区设备可靠性研究

针对液化烃罐区缺少有效事故数据的现状,采用了基于模糊分析的可靠性方法来研 究罐区设备整体可靠性,通过划分功能模块使用模糊数描述各模块可靠性,然后求出设备整 体可靠性.对于单一设备,通过监测其系统的状态参数,采用一种利用设备状态信息进行可 靠性分析的方法,通过系统参数漂移量的统计分析,推导出基于参数漂移量的可靠度分析模型...     

液氧罐防火间距不足隐患治理技术

液氧罐与周边建（构）筑物防火间距不足的问题在新建企业中比较罕见。本文以某企业在安全验收评价时发现液氧罐防火间距不足隐患治理为例,为了预测液氧罐泄漏事故可能的事故后果,设定了液氧罐三种可能的典型泄漏事故情景,进行了泄漏事故后果计算。研究结果表明,液氧罐泄漏造成的空气中氧气浓度提高2.5%（相应约29630ppm）即可使动火作业受到影响,液氧罐泄漏事故后果影响范围较大。并在此基础上,提出了隐患治理的主要技术措施,具有实际意义。     

一种新型防结冰阻火一体化呼吸阀的应用

针对北方寒冷地区石油储罐呼吸阀和阻火器,特别容易发生结冰阻塞不能正常呼吸而使得储罐冬季安全运行存在重大隐患,介绍了一种新型防结冰阻火一体化呼吸阀,并与普通呼吸阀对比分析了两种呼吸阀的优缺点,证明该种新型呼吸阀从设备本质上解决了普通呼吸阀的冬季结冰堵塞等安全隐患,具有推广价值。     

一体式生物净化-沉淀池对微污染水体污染物的强化去除性能

本文针对现有饮用水净化工艺对溶解性组分的去除能力有限,以及沉淀单元占地面积大,功能单一的问题,将生物转盘与平流沉淀池设计理念相结合,开发出一种生物净化-沉淀工艺,以提升系统对原水中浊度、有机物和氮磷的同步去除性能.结果表明,生物转盘的设置并未干扰沉淀池原有的浊度去除功能.当进水有机负荷为0.46 g·(m2·d)-1时,生物沉淀池对有机组分、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为81.4%、95.0%、21.1%和86.0%.进一步研究发现,反硝化和除磷过程对水相中的有限碳源存在竞争关系.进水有机负荷的上升,有助于除磷过程的进行,同时沉淀出水中残留的有机组分和氨氮含量几乎不受影响,表明工艺具有一定抗冲击负荷能力,在微污染水体的强化净化处理中具有一定的应用前景.     

Fuzzy fault tree analysis for fire and explosion of crude oil tanks

Crude oil tank fire and explosion (COTFE) is the most frequent type of accident in petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage which often results in human fatality, environment pollution and economic loss. In this paper, with fault tree qualitative analysis technique, various potential causes of the COTFE are identified and a COTFE fault tree is constructed. Conventional fault tree quantitative analysis calculates the occurrence probability of the COTFE using exact probability data of the basic events. However, it is often very difficult to obtain corresponding precise data and information in advance due to insufficient data, changing environment or new components. Fuzzy set theory has been proven to be effective on such uncertain problems. Hence, this article investigates a hybrid approach of fuzzy set theory and fault tree analysis to quantify the COTFE fault tree in fuzzy environment and evaluate the COTFE occurrence probability. Further, importance analysis for the COTFE fault tree, including the Fussell–Vesely importance measure of basic events and the cut sets importance measure, is performed to help identifying the weak links of the crude oil tank system that will provide the most cost-effective mitigation. Also, a case study and analysis is provided to testify the proposed method.     

大型原油储罐火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型及应用

随着油品储罐区规模的不断扩大,近年来多储罐火灾事故呈上升趋势。现有的储罐防火间距是在以往事故经验的基础上设定的,通过罐组内的火灾多米诺效应概率计算,可从风险的角度为罐组内储罐防火间距的设定提供理论依据。通过综合考虑火灾环境下受辐射储罐失效时间和着火储罐火灾得到控制时间,确定了罐组内火灾多米诺效应的判定原则,并在火灾得到控制时间模型和储罐失效时间模型的基础上建立了火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型。以2万立外浮顶原油储罐为例进行模拟计算,得出在现行标准给出的防火间距下,发生罐组火灾多米诺效应的概率为3.94×10-8/a-1,属于可接受风险,为罐组内储罐的合理布局提供了理论依据。     

大型LNG储罐防火间距分析

国内LNG接收站产业发展日益壮大,LNG储罐的规模也随之呈现大型化的趋势,其带来对周边储罐的安全问题成为关注的焦点.针对大型LNG储罐防火间距的分析,依据国际广泛接受的美国NFPA 59A-2009和欧洲EN1473-2007标准,分别采用事故后果模拟手段和危险性评估方法确定储罐防火间距,事故场景分别考虑了罐顶池火灾和卸料管线发生直径50mm孔洞泄漏火灾.在此基础之上,对事故后果模拟得到的结果进行分析,明确储罐防火间距,从而为企业对LNG储罐区进行布局设计提供参考指导.     

长距离输煤管道储浆罐与石油储罐对比研究

对比研究长距离输煤管道储浆罐与石油储罐搅拌设计特点、罐顶设计特点、消防安全设施特点。经分析可知,长距离输煤管道储浆罐宜选用推进式搅拌器,罐壁上设置导流结构,宜采用固定顶、锥顶,设置简单消防安全设施,宜选用难燃保温材料;石油储罐优先选用旋转喷射式搅拌器,罐内油品进行定期搅拌,采用浮顶,大型的一般选用外浮顶,需设置完善消防安全设施。     

Temporal variation of microbial population in a thermophilic biofilter for SO2 removal

The performance of a biofilter relies on the activity of microorganisms during the gas contaminant treatment process. In this study, SO_2 was treated using a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with polyurethane foam cubes(PUFC), on which thermophilic desulfurization bacteria were attached. The thermophilic biofilter effectively reduced SO_2 within 10 months of operation time, with a maximum elimination capacity of 48.29 g/m~3/hr.Temporal shifts in the microbial population in the thermophilic biofilter were determined through polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) sequence analysis. The substrate species and environmental conditions in the biofilter influenced the microbial population. Oxygen distribution in the PUFC was analyzed using a microelectrode. When the water-containing rate in PUFC was over 98%, the oxygen distribution presented aerobic–anoxic–aerobic states along the test route on the PUFC. The appearance of sulfate-reducing bacteria was caused by the anaerobic conditions and sulfate formation after 4 months of operation.     

一起苯乙烯槽罐车泄漏的应急监测案例

结合发生在江苏省道上危险物品运输车的翻车交通事故．论述了当发生交通环境污染事故时,环境监测部门快速启动应急监测响应程序,开展现场事故应急监测,为事故现场指挥部及时、安全、妥善处置事故,减少人民生命和财产损失等提供决策依据的成功案例。