Composition of wet and bulk deposition in Erzurum, Turkey

Seasonal variations in the chemical characteristics of wet and bulk deposition samples collected in Erzurum were investigated for the period March 2002-January 2003. Major cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+) and major anions (SO4(2-),NO3-) were determined in bulk and wet deposition samples; pH was also measured in wet deposition. The average pH of the wet deposition at Erzurum was 6.6 due to extensive neutralization of the acidity. A strong relationship between pH and SO4(2-) concentrations was observed in all seasons; however, only a weak relationship was found between pH and NO3-. On a seasonal basis, the correlation between Ca2+ and SO4(2-) concentrations was stronger in winter than in summer. Seasonal variations of ions were examined in both wet and bulk deposition samples. Although maximum concentrations of anions generally occurred during winter and spring, cation concentrations peaked in summer for both wet and bulk deposition. Results indicated that Ca2+ was the dominant cation and SO4(2-) the dominant anion in all deposition samples at Erzurum. Even though correlations among the crustal ions (calcium, magnesium and potassium) were high, the relationship between anthropogenic ions (sulfate and nitrate) was less clear in bulk deposition.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

重庆远郊丰都雪玉洞流域大气无机氮湿沉降变化特征与来源分析

以重庆市远郊的丰都雪玉洞流域为研究对象,利用气象站和大气氮沉降仪获取2015年7月~2017年12月的大气降水、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N等数据,通过NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N比以及气团后向轨迹模拟探讨了流域大气无机氮湿沉降来源.结果表明:(1)在观测期内,流域DIN总沉降通量为21.37×103kg·a-1,单位面积沉降通量为14.25 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N分别为7.72 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和6.53 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),分别占DIN湿沉降量的54%和46%;(2)DIN湿沉降通量和浓度表现出明显的季节变化,春夏季DIN湿沉降量比秋冬季节高50%,而秋冬季湿沉降的DIN浓度比春夏季高30%;(3)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N介于0.29~2.27之间,雨季(4月~9月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,旱季(10月~次年3月)NH_4~+-N/NO_3~--N1,表明流域雨季DIN湿沉降主要来源农业源,旱季主要来源于城市源;(4)流域雨季主要受东南风的影响,大气湿沉降的NH_4~+-N来源于当地与流域东南方向的农业源,旱季主要受西南风影响,大气湿沉降的NO_3~--N来源于流域西南方向的重庆市区和涪陵等城市源.     

长江口及东海赤潮海洋环境特征综合探讨

针对我国东海及长江口邻近海域赤潮频繁发生的现象,本文通过大量文献查阅和研究追踪,分别从东海赤潮的生物化学、物理海洋和地质沉积三大方面对其爆发的海洋环境特征进行了综合研究。具体涉及浮游藻类密度、叶绿素a含量、初级生产力、海洋温盐流、地貌沉积八个分项的解释,从整体上对长江口及东海赤潮生消演变的海洋环境进行了初步的探讨,为进一步的认识赤潮提供了研究基础。     

Acid deposition critical loads modeling for the simulation of sulfur exceedance and reduction in Guangdong, China

The current acid deposition critical loads in Guangdong, China were calculated using the PROFILE model with a 3 km × 3 km resolution. Calculations were carried out for critical loads of potential acidity, actual acidity, sulfur and nitrogen, with values in extents of 0–3.5, 0–14.0, 0–26.0 and 0–3.5 kmol/(hm2·year), respectively. These values were comparable to previously reported results and reflected the influences of vegetation and soil characteristics on the soil acid buffering capacity. Simulations of S...     

上海市夏季湿沉降汞的时空分布规律及其影响因素

为研究上海市夏季湿沉降汞的时空分布特征,按月采集了2008年夏季(6～8月)5个采样点的大气湿沉降样品,经过王水+BrC1水浴消解、SnCl2还原后,用原子荧光测汞仪测试了样品中的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞浓度并对结果加以分析。结果表明,上海市夏季各采样点湿沉降中总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞的平均浓度变化范围大,分别为0.13～0.39μg/L、0.04～0.22μg/L、0.09～0.18μg/L,总体上各形态汞的浓度都较高。湿沉降总汞的浓度在时间上表现为6月份较低而7、8月份较高的特征,在空间上是浦东最高,普陀其次,宝山最低;颗粒态汞占总汞的比例大,并且在不同降水类型中所占总汞的比例不同,在梅雨期锋面雨中所占比例较少而在对流雨中所占比例较大;总汞的沉降量与降水量成明显的正相关关系。大气湿沉降中各形态汞的浓度受控因素较多,其中在重要排放源和市中心下风向地区汞的浓度偏高,这需要在节能减排上下功夫,从源头治理汞的污染。     

大气边界层中起尘、降尘过程的模拟实验的相似性原则

风洞模拟实验是研究起、降尘过程最有效的手段。前人只研究了低湍流度气流中,平坦表面的实际起尘过程。作者提出一组扩展的相似性原则,用于模拟大气边界层湍流及复杂地形对趋、降尘过程的影响及防尘风障在此条件下的减尘效率,并得到一系列有意义的结果。      

应用简单质量平衡法计算酸沉降临界负荷的研究

基于植物响应、土壤稳定性,铝浓度,碱度和ｐＨ标准,应用简单质量平衡法计算红壤各种土的酸沉降临界负荷。结果表明,沙质红泥土,红沙土,潮沙土、中度侵蚀红壤和潮沙泥土的酸沉降临界负荷较低,棕泥土和红壤土较大;     

层状云降水中化学过程的数值模拟

对一维时变的层状云物理化学模式的化学过程作了研究,引入了较为细致的化学模式,并以类似化学反应方程式的方式处理了气液传输、碰并和云雨转化过程。在此基础上讨论了典型条件下的云雨酸化过程。模拟结果表明,高空云雨水组成随时间逐渐减小,地面雨水组成呈峰型分布。在降水后期pH值主要同O₃和SO₂有关;主要来自气溶胶,来自NH₃,气体和气溶胶对的贡献大致相当,和Ca￣(2＋)的云下清除约占60％～80％;在降水前期H₂O₂时S(Ⅳ)的氧化超过O₃,降水后期S(Ⅳ)的氧化主要通过O₃。      

趋势面方法在大气污染物观测与分析中的应用

提出了大气污染物观测是与分析中的一种新的方法——趋势面方法。这种用多项式函数模拟的趋势面可以找出城市大气降尘的总的趋势变化,还可以找出受局部因素影响具有局部特点的变化。