酸沉降临界负荷计算模式的修正

酸沉降临界负荷是酸沉降水平的函数,不同酸沉降水平下,矿物风化速率有数量级差别,在因此,酸沉降临界负荷的计算应先使用判别方程计算平衡ＰＨ值,然后确定采用何种方法计算,在欧洲可以直接采用动态模式计算临界负荷,是因为其酸沉水平能满足判别方程成立,但在中国大多数情况下不成立。     

Signal-transfer modeling for regional assessment of forest responses to environmental changes in the southeastern United States

Stochastic transfer of information in a hierarchy of simulators is offered as a conceptual approach for assessing forest responses to changing climate and air quality across 13 southeastern states of the USA. This assessment approach combines geographic information system and Monte Carlo capabilities with several scales of computer modeling for southern pine species and eastern deciduous forests. Outputs, such as forest production, evapotranspiration and carbon pools, may be compared statistically for alternative equilibrium or transient scenarios providing a statistical basis for decision making in regional assessments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

铅冶炼企业周边大气降尘中铅、镉、砷量及其对土壤的影响

通过在2012年5月-2013年4月1个周期年内,对修复基地和对照点每月大气降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量的监测,结果表明：修复基地大气降尘中铅、镉、砷含量明显较对照点高,年总沉降量分别是对照点的17．6倍、16．3倍和14．1倍,表明铅冶炼企业对基地大气降尘中铅、镉、砷含量影响显著;大气降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量受位置和时间影响较大,在相距不到100 m的测点间,沉降量相差1倍以上,冬季主导风明显、地面植被少、二次扬尘大,使处于铅冶炼企业下风向的基地降尘中铅、镉、砷沉降量较大。沉降量时空不均匀与土壤污染不均匀现状一致,也验证了铅冶炼企业是基地大气和土壤重金属污染的主要来源。以降尘缸模拟土壤进行测算,结果表明大气降尘中镉对土壤污染速度最快,风险最大。     

Atmospheric mercury pollution at an urban site in central Taiwan: mercury emission sources at ground level

Total gaseous mercury (Hg) (TGM), gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), and particulate-bound Hg (PBM) concentrations and dry depositions were measured at an urban site in central Taiwan. The concentrations were 6.14 ± 3.91 ng m⁻³, 332 ± 153, and 71.1 ± 46.1 pg m⁻³, respectively. These results demonstrate high Hg pollution at the ground level in Taiwan. A back trajectory plot shows the sources of the high TGM concentration were in the low atmosphere (<500 m) and approximately 50% of the air masses coming from upper troposphere (>500 m) were associated with low TGM concentrations. This finding implies that Hg is trapped in the low atmosphere and comes from local Hg emission sources. The conditional probability function (CPF) reveals that the plumes of high TGM concentrations come from the south and northwest of the site. The plume from the south comes from two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). However, no significant Hg point source is located to the northwest of the site; therefore, the plumes from the northwest are hypothesized to be related to the combustion of agricultural waste. Dry deposition fluxes of Hg measured at this site considerably exceeded those measured in North America. Overall, this area is regarded as a highly Hg contaminated area because of local Hg emission sources.     

太湖湖泊缓冲带不同类型草林复合系统中氮、磷的溶出与沉降特征

以太湖竺山湾缓冲带中湿地岸带、支浜岸带、人工防护林3种主要类型的草林复合系统为研究对象,分别对其自身氮、磷溶出及沉降特征进行了研究,从而揭示缓冲带本身对地表径流和地下渗流的影响。结果表明,3种样地中总氮的溶出率在0.3%~2.5%,平均溶出率表现为人工防护林支浜岸带湿地岸带;总磷的溶出率在0.8%~4.0%,平均溶出率表现为支浜岸带湿地岸带人工防护林。氮、磷在向下沉降的过程中表现出不同的规律。各样地不同深度土壤渗透液中总氮浓度的变化趋势不一,基本表现为随深度增加而增加,总氮浓度为湿地岸带人工防护林支浜岸带;总磷浓度的变化趋势也不尽相同,与总氮相比,总磷的沉降效果不显著。综合来看,3种草林复合系统对污染物的沉降效果为湿地岸带人工防护林支浜岸带。     

细微泥沙对污水生化处理系统的影响及其归趋特性

大量运行数据表明,取消初沉池的污水厂泥沙淤积严重、污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值低,严重影响了污水厂的正常运行和功能提升。以取消初沉池后不能被有效去除的粒径≤200μm的细微泥沙为研究对象,通过对比实验的方法研究了不同粒径细微泥沙对污水生化处理系统的影响及其归趋特性。运行结果表明,当在污水中分别投加粒径为26、73、106、165和210μm的细微泥沙300 mg/L时,运行40 d后,生化系统活性污泥的MLVSS/MLSS比值将从启动初期的0.84分别下降至0.27、0.29、0.59、0.65和0.73,且随MLVSS/MLSS比值的下降,混合液SVI值也明显降低,反应器底部淤积泥沙量分别相当于进水泥沙总量的31.0%、47.4%、75.2%、75.9%和91.6%,表明小粒径颗粒更容易被活性污泥包裹,引起污泥MLVSS/MLSS下降,大粒径颗粒更容易淤积在反应器底部;由于泥沙淤积致使颗粒粒径越大,通过排放剩余污泥除砂的量越少,按照粒径递增的顺序,通过剩余污泥外排的除砂量分别相当于进水泥沙总量的44.5%、31.3%、20.3%、20.5%和7.2%。     

化学沉降沸石吸附法处理高浓度电镀含锌废水的研究

含锌废水对人体健康和环境具有严重的危害性。处理高浓度的含锌废水时需先进行化学沉降,然后再进行深度处理。试验结果证明,对于含289 mg/L Zn2+的电镀废水,用质量分数为10%的氢氧化钠处理,其投加量为3.7 mL/100 mL,处理后的Zn2+的浓度为6.6 mg/L。再用沸石进行吸附,沸石用量为0.25 g/L,搅拌(110 r/min)50 min,处理后,废水的锌离子去除率最高可达88.8%,剩余Zn2+浓度为0.47 mg/L,远低于《国家污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-2002)的一级标准。     

Transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in highly vulnerable karst systems

Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated along the route of transport in a south German karst system. Atmospheric deposition, seepage water in caves and spring water at the outlet of the catchment were monitored continuously over 1.5 years allowing the establishment of an input/output mass balance at the catchment scale. The results reveal that, even in the highly vulnerable karst catchment, PAHs are effectively retained in the soils. Only during high discharge events, such as snowmelt in spring, increasing PAH concentrations at the outlet of the catchment indicates a mobilization of the pollutants. These events are typically correlated with increasing particle concentrations. Based on our results, we conclude that particle-facilitated transport is the dominating cause of PAH mobilization. In summary, PAHs accumulate over time in soils and only occasionally high discharge events cause a short concentration pulse to be flushed through the karst system.     

Ecosystem responses to reduced and oxidised nitrogen inputs in European terrestrial habitats

While it is well established that ecosystems display strong responses to elevated nitrogen deposition, the importance of the ratio between the dominant forms of deposited nitrogen (NH_x and NO_y) in determining ecosystem response is poorly understood. As large changes in the ratio of oxidised and reduced nitrogen inputs are occurring, this oversight requires attention. One reason for this knowledge gap is that plants experience a different NH_x:NO_y ratio in soil to that seen in atmospheric deposits because atmospheric inputs are modified by soil transformations, mediated by soil pH. Consequently species of neutral and alkaline habitats are less likely to encounter high NH₄⁺ concentrations than species from acid soils. We suggest that the response of vascular plant species to changing ratios of NH_x:NO_y deposits will be driven primarily by a combination of soil pH and nitrification rates. Testing this hypothesis requires a combination of experimental and survey work in a range of systems.