基于非圆球模式的大气超细颗粒物在沉积和凝并共同作用下的动力学模型研究

数值模拟了封闭环境内非球形超细颗粒物的动力学演化,以探讨颗粒物的沉积和凝并行为.采用泰勒展开方法导出了描述颗粒物动力学这两种行为共同作用的矩方程.通过与实验结果对比表明:本文得出的矩方程相对于传统的矩方程模型更适于刻画颗粒物的扩散和重力沉积,能够精确地预测它们的动力学演变过程.通过将颗粒形状参数(分形维数,Df)纳入原始动力学方程,使得颗粒物凝并模型可以较为准确地描述真实情况下非球形颗粒的凝并行为.此外在高颗粒物浓度条件下,得出颗粒物的演变主要受到凝并作用的影响,沉积作用则相对较弱.     

水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响

为了解模拟氮沉降和降雨变化对短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,本试验设计主区为自然降雨（CK）、增雨30%（W）和减雨30%（R）3个水分处理,副区为0（N0）,30（N30）,50（N50）和100（N100） kg/（hm²·a）4个氮素处理共12个处理.研究表明：在相同的水分处理中随着氮浓度的不断增高,表层土壤中中小型土壤动物的个体密度呈先上升后下降趋势.W-N30处理下中小型土壤动物个体密度高于其他处理（P<0.05）,类群数随着氮浓度升高呈下降趋势,减雨与过量施氮对表层土壤中中小型土壤动物个体密度具有抑制作用.短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物在土层中具有明显的表聚特性.另外,冗余分析（RDA）表明,研究区内中小型土壤动物的优势类群与常见类群受环境因子影响较显著,土壤pH值、温度、含水量、有机质和植物全C、全N、C/N对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响均较大,但短期内对类群数的影响不显著.当短花针茅荒漠草原面临全球变化时,随着氮沉降量逐渐增加,表层土壤中中小型土壤动物个体密度先逐渐增加,当达到不同水分条件下氮浓度阈值时,则对表层土壤中中小型土壤动物产生抑制作用.     

麦田O3干沉降过程及不同沉降通道分配的模拟

利用涡度相关系统对南京地区冬小麦田和裸土期O₃干沉降过程进行观测的基础上,引入Surfatm-O₃干沉降模型,对其叶片气孔阻力（R_s^leaf）、土壤阻力（R_soil）和表面阻力（R_cut）的公式进行参数化修订和验证,开展了冬小麦主要生育期的总O₃通量（F_O3）、干沉降速率（V_d）及其不同沉降通道分配的模拟,并间接分析了土壤排放的NO与O₃的化学反应对O₃干沉降过程的影响.结果表明：冬小麦田F_O3和V_d的实测值与模拟值趋势相似,平均实测和模拟V_d值分别为0.39和0.37cm/s,模拟值比实测值低估5.3%,其中每一个独立阻力公式的模拟效果均较好.平均非气孔沉降（表面沉降和土壤沉降）是O₃干沉降主要的沉降通道,占总O₃通量的68.8%,表面沉降占非气孔沉降的46.7%;平均绿叶和黄叶气孔沉降分别占总O₃通量的28.6%和2.6%.白天非气孔沉降比例减小至占总O₃通量的58.8%,绿叶和黄叶的气孔沉降比例比值增大,分别占总O₃通量的37.7%和3.5%.夜晚表面沉降和土壤沉降分别占总O₃通量的64.3%和35.7%.土壤排放的NO会与O₃产生化学反应,对O₃干沉降过程产生影响,需要在今后的O₃干沉降模型中考虑.     

光电催化协同还原CO2和氧化有机污染物

随着大气中CO₂含量的上升和化石燃料储量的枯竭,人们越来越关注全球气候和未来能源供应的问题.那么利用丰富的太阳能将CO₂转化为诸如甲烷或甲酸的燃料可以同时解决这两个问题,并且提供了一种方便的能量储存手段.本文采用电沉积的方法在泡沫Ni上生长出高度有序的ZnO纳米片阵列,溶剂热合成将UIO-66-NH₂嫁接到ZnO上,得到催化剂UIO-66-NH₂-ZnO-Ni.结果表明：ZnO对称生长,UIO-66-NH₂均匀修饰在其表面,能够很好的吸附CO₂,使得CO₂进入孔道内,减少析氢反应.同时发现该催化剂具有优良的光电催化还原性能,光电催化还原CO₂的主要生成产物为甲酸.甲酸在3h含量达到30.98μmol.     

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region (China): Characteristics, ecological risk assessment, and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements(Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn) in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou(urban) and Dinghushan(suburban) sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons(April to September) and winter monsoon seasons(October to February) in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.     

interactions amongst policies designed to resolve individual air issues

Six air issues are currently on science and policy agendas in Canadaand elsewhere. These are climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion(increased UV-B radiation), acidic deposition, SMOG (increasedground-level ozone), suspended particulate matter, and hazardous airpollutants. Atmospheric scientists and decision makers have largelyaddressed these issues individually resulting in single-issue policies. However, it is now recognized that these issues are inter-related, andthey may interact to cause negative as well as some beneficial effects,not only on the state of the atmosphere but also on societal andecological systems. This paper illustrates through several examples theatmospheric dysfunction caused by the linkages among the six airissues. It also points to potentially conflicting policies arising from thesingle-issue approach, and it emphasizes the need for better integrationof air issues. The linkages are summarized qualitatively in Table I.     

Atmospheric Deposition on Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) Plots

Atmospheric deposition of the major elements was estimated from throughfall and bulk deposition measurements on 13 plots of the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research (LWF) between 1995 and 2001. Independent estimates of the wet and dry deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) on these same plots were gained from combined simplified models. The highest deposition fluxes were measured at Novaggio (Southern Switzerland), exposed to heavy air pollution originating from the Po Plain, with throughfall fluxes averaging 29 kg ha^–1 a^–1 for N and 15 kg ha^–1 a^–1 for S. Low deposition fluxes were measured on the plots above 1800 m, with throughfall fluxes lower than 4.5 kg ha^–1 a^–1 for N and lower than 3 kg ha^–1 a^–1 for S. The wet deposition of N and S derived from bulk deposition was close to the modeled wet deposition, but the dry deposition derived from throughfall was significantly lower than the modeled dry deposition for both compounds. However, both the throughfall method and the model yielded total deposition estimates of N which exceeded the critical loads calculated on the basis of long-term mass balance considerations. These estimates were within or above the range of empirical critical loads except above 1800 m.     

On the Assessment of Sulphur Deposition on Forests Growing Over the Areas of Industrial Impact

A method of calculation of sulphur deposition values on forests subjectto long-term industrial influence is presented. Investigations wereconducted in the vicinities of nickel smelters of Kola peninsula. Sulphurdioxide (SO₂) is the major phytotoxicant emitted by theseenterprises. Depositions of sulphur were calculated on the basis of ground air layer pollution. To determine it a mathematical model was applied.Field surveys of forest ecosystems response to air contamination werecarried out and areas of different forest damage degree were identified.More than 4300 km² of the territory of Kola peninsula isunder the impact of nickel enterprises. Average SO₂concentration over the area of slight damage to forests is about 20µg/m³. It corresponds to the critical level proposed for forest ecosystems (UN ECE, 1993). Sulphur deposition over thearea of slight damage varies from 0.6 to 1.0 g/m²yr^-1 for coniferous forests. For deciduous forests it isabout 1.0 g/m² yr^-1. These values are close totarget loads for highly sensitive ecosystems (Nilsson et al., 1991), but they exceed critical loads for the northern regions of Europe (Downing etal., 1993).     

Estimation of Critical Loads of Acidity for Lakes in Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada

The New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) adopted the Acid Rain Action Plan in June 1998, and issued a series of action items to support its work toward a reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions in northeastern North America. One of these action items was the preparation of an updated critical load map using data from lakes in the NEG/ECP area. Critical load maps provide a more complete index of the surface water sensitivity to acidification. Combined sulfur and nitrogen critical loads and deposition exceedances were computed using Henriksen's Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model. Results show that 28% of all 2053 lakes studied have a critical load of 20 kg/ha/year or less, making them vulnerable to acid deposition. Emission reductions, and more specifically SO₂ emission reductions have proven beneficial because critical loads were exceeded in 2002 for 12.3% of all studied lakes. Those lakes are located in the more sensitive areas where geology is carbonate-poor. Of these lakes, 2.9% will never recover even with a complete removal of SO₄ deposition. Recovery from acidification for the remaining 9.4% of the lakes will require additional emission SO₂ reductions.     

Fluoride Deposition in Central India

Fluoride is a volatile element emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources into the atmoshere and scavenged from the atmosphere by rain water. We collected 444 rain water and 36 dust samples on an event basis at 13 sites and on the bulk basis (monthly) at 3 sites, respectively, in central India (extending over 17°N to 24°N latitude and 80° 17 to 84°11E longitude). The level of F- in the atmospheric samples was determined by automating the conventional Zr(IV)-SPADNS [Sodium 2- (parasulfophenylazo)-1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 6-naphthalene disulfonate] method in the presence of surfactant, i.e. TX–100 [Triton x- 100]. The detection limit of the method is 10.0 ppb F- with a sample throughput of 70 samples/h. The F- deposited with rain water (in 13 sites) and with dust (three sites) were ranged between 54.8 to 483.0, and 105.0 to 503.3 kg/km2/year, respectively. The level of F- in atmospheric samples, seasonal and spatial variation in deposition and sources of F- are discussed.